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of opposites is fitted together by the wisdom that presides over the universe, and thus the whole creation comes into harmony with itself, with the natural opposition nowhere dissolving the chain of concord; in the same way, a certain mixing and mingling of the sensible with the intelligible also takes place according to divine wisdom, so that all things might equally partake of the beautiful and nothing in existence might be without a share in the superior nature. For this reason, the region appropriate to the intelligible nature is the subtle and mobile substance, which, in its super-cosmic domain, has a great affinity for the intelligible due to its particular nature, but by a superior providence, a certain co-mingling of the intelligible with the sensible creation takes place, so that nothing in creation might be rejected, as the Apostle says, nor be excluded from divine fellowship. For this reason, the mixture that is man is shown by the divine nature to be from both the intelligible and the sensible, as the account of the world's creation teaches: For God, it says, taking dust from the earth, formed man and by His own in-breathing implanted life into the creature, so that the earthly might be raised up with the divine and a certain single grace of equal honor might extend through all of creation, the lower nature being blended with the super-cosmic one. Since, therefore, the intelligible creation pre-existed, and to each of the angelic powers some activity was assigned by the authority presiding over all things for the constitution of the universe, there was a certain power also appointed to hold together and rule over the earthly region, having been empowered for this very thing by the power that governs the universe; then the earthly creature was fashioned, an image of the power above; and this living being is man; and in him was the godlike beauty of the intelligible nature, mingled by some ineffable power; the one who had received the governance of the earthly realm considers it terrible and unbearable, if from the nature under his hand a substance should be revealed made like the pre-eminent dignity. But how he who was created for no evil by the one who constituted the universe in goodness fell into the passion of envy, to go through this with exactness is not the purpose of the present treatise, but it might be possible to set forth the account briefly for the more receptive. For the distinction between virtue and vice is not considered as if they were two things appearing in subsistence; but just as non-being is contrasted with being, and it is not possible to say that non-being subsists in contrast to being, but we say that non-existence is contrasted with existence, in the same way also vice is set against the principle of virtue, not being something in itself, but being conceived by the absence of the better; and just as we say that blindness is contrasted with sight, blindness not being something in itself by nature, but a privation of a pre-existing state, so also we say that vice is seen in the privation of the good, like some shadow that occurs with the withdrawal of the ray. Since, therefore, the uncreated nature is not susceptible to the motion of turning and change and alteration, but everything that has subsisted through creation is naturally disposed toward alteration, because the very subsistence of creation began from alteration, being transferred from non-being to being by divine power; and the aforementioned power was also created, choosing what it willed by a movement of free will; since it closed its eye to the good and the ungrudging, just as one who in the sun places his eyelids over his eyes sees darkness, so too that one, by the very act of not willing to perceive the good, perceived what is contrary to the good. And this is envy. And it is agreed that the beginning of every matter is the cause of the things that follow after it in consequence, for example, for health, being well, working, living pleasantly; but for sickness, being weak, being inactive, living one's life in displeasure. Thus also all other things follow their own beginnings in consequence. Just as, therefore, passionlessness becomes the beginning and foundation of the virtuous life, so the one through

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ἐναντίων ἁρμοζομένη παρὰ τῆς τοῦ παντὸς ἐπιστατούσης σοφίας, καὶ οὕτως πάσης γίνεται πρὸς ἑαυτὴν συμφωνία τῆς κτίσεως, οὐδαμοῦ τῆς φυσικῆς ἐναντιότητος τὸν τῆς συμπνοίας εἱρμὸν διαλυούσης· κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ τοῦ αἰσθητοῦ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν γίνεταί τις κατὰ θείαν σοφίαν μίξις τε καὶ ἀνάκρασις, ὡς ἂν πάντα τοῦ καλοῦ κατὰ τὸ ἴσον μετέχοι καὶ μηδὲν τῶν ὄντων ἀμοιροίη τῆς τοῦ κρείττονος φύσεως. διὰ τοῦτο τὸ μὲν κατάλληλον τῇ νοητῇ φύσει χωρίον ἡ λεπτὴ καὶ εὐκίνητός ἐστιν οὐσία, κατὰ τὴν ὑπερκόσμιον λῆξιν πολλὴν ἔχουσα τῷ ἰδιάζοντι τῆς φύσεως πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν τὴν συγγένειαν, προμηθείᾳ δὲ κρείττονι πρὸς τὴν αἰσθητὴν κτίσιν γίνεταί τις τοῦ νοητοῦ συνανάκρασις, ὡς ἂν μηδὲν ἀπόβλητον εἴη τῆς κτίσεως, καθώς φησιν ὁ ἀπόστολος, μηδὲ τῆς θείας κοινωνίας ἀπόκληρον. τούτου χάριν ἐκ νοητοῦ τε καὶ αἰσθητοῦ τὸ κατὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον μίγμα παρὰ τῆς θείας ἀναδείκνυται φύσεως, καθὼς διδάσκει τῆς κοσμογονίας ὁ λόγος· Λαβὼν γὰρ ὁ θεός, φησιν, χοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἔπλασε καὶ διὰ τῆς ἰδίας ἐμπνεύσεως τῷ πλάσ ματι τὴν ζωὴν ἐνεφύτευσεν, ὡς ἂν συνεπαρθείη τῷ θείῳ τὸ γήινον καὶ μία τις κατὰ τὸ ὁμότιμον διὰ πάσης τῆς κτίσεως ἡ χάρις διήκοι, τῆς κάτω φύσεως πρὸς τὴν ὑπερ κόσμιον συγκιρναμένης. ἐπεὶ οὖν τῆς νοητῆς κτίσεως προυποστάσης, καὶ ἑκάστῃ τῶν ἀγγελικῶν δυνάμεων πρὸς τὴν τοῦ παντὸς σύστασιν ἐνεργείας τινὸς παρὰ τῆς τῶν πάντων ἐπιστατούσης ἐξουσίας προσνεμηθείσης, ἦν τις δύναμις καὶ ἡ τὸν περίγειον τόπον συνέχειν τε καὶ περι κρατεῖν τεταγμένη, εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο δυναμωθεῖσα παρὰ τῆς τὸ πᾶν οἰκονομούσης δυνάμεως· εἶτα κατεσκευάσθη τὸ γήινον πλάσμα, τῆς ἄνω δυνάμεως ἀπεικόνισμα· τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ζῷον ὁ ἄνθρωπος· καὶ ἦν ἐν αὐτῷ τὸ θεοειδὲς τῆς νοητῆς φύσεως κάλλος, ἀρρήτῳ τινὶ δυνάμει συγκεκρα μένον· δεινὸν ποιεῖται καὶ οὐκ ἀνεκτὸν ὁ τὴν περίγειον οἰκονομίαν λαχών, εἰ ἐκ τῆς ὑποχειρίου αὐτῷ φύσεως ἀναδειχθήσεταί τις οὐσία πρὸς τὴν ὑπερέχουσαν ἀξίαν ὡμοιωμένη. τὸ δ' ὅπως ἐπὶ τὸ πάθος κατερρύη τοῦ φθόνου ὁ ἐπὶ μηδενὶ κακῷ κτισθεὶς παρὰ τοῦ τὸ πᾶν ἐν ἀγαθότητι συστησαμένου, τὸ μὲν δι' ἀκριβείας ἐπεξιέναι οὐ τῆς παρούσης πραγματείας ἐστί, δυνατὸν δ' ἂν εἴη καὶ δι' ὀλίγου τοῖς εὐπειθεστέροις παραθέσθαι τὸν λόγον. τῆς γὰρ ἀρετῆς καὶ τῆς κακίας οὐχ ὡς δύο τινῶν καθ' ὑπόστασιν φαινομένων ἡ ἀντιδιαστολὴ θεωρεῖται· ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ἀντιδιαιρεῖται τῷ ὄντι τὸ μὴ ὂν καὶ οὐκ ἔστι καθ' ὑπόστασιν εἰπεῖν τὸ μὴ ὂν ἀντιδιαστέλλεσθαι πρὸς τὸ ὄν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀνυπαρξίαν ἀντιδιαιρεῖσθαι λέγομεν πρὸς τὴν ὕπαρξιν, κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ ἡ κακία τῷ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀντικαθέστηκε λόγῳ, οὐ καθ' ἑαυτήν τις οὖσα, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἀπουσίᾳ νοουμένη τοῦ κρείττονος· καὶ ὥσπερ φαμὲν ἀντιδιαιρεῖσθαι τῇ ὁράσει τὴν πήρωσιν, οὐ καθ' ἑαυτὴν οὖσαν τῇ φύσει τὴν πήρωσιν, ἀλλὰ προλαβούσης ἕξεως στέρησιν, οὕτω καὶ τὴν κακίαν ἐν τῇ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ στερήσει θεωρεῖσθαι λέγομεν, οἷόν τινα σκιὰν τῇ ἀναχω ρήσει τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐπισυμβαίνουσαν. ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν ἡ ἄκτιστος φύσις τῆς κινήσεως τῆς κατὰ τροπὴν καὶ μεταβολὴν καὶ ἀλλοίωσίν ἐστιν ἀνεπίδεκτος, πᾶν δὲ τὸ διὰ κτίσεως ὑποστὰν συγγενῶς πρὸς τὴν ἀλλοίωσιν ἔχει, διότι καὶ αὐτὴ τῆς κτίσεως ἡ ὑπόστασις ἀπὸ ἀλλοιώσεως ἤρξατο, τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι θείᾳ δυνάμει μετατεθέντος· κτιστὴ δὲ ἦν καὶ ἡ μνημονευθεῖσα δύναμις, αὐτεξουσίῳ κινήματι τὸ δοκοῦν αἱρουμένη· ἐπειδὴ πρὸς τὸ ἀγαθόν τε καὶ ἄφθονον ἐπέμυσεν ὄμμα, ὥσπερ ὁ ἐν ἡλίῳ τοῖς βλεφάροις τὰς ὄψεις ὑποβαλὼν σκότος ὁρᾷ, οὕτω κἀκεῖνος αὐτῷ τῷ μὴ θελῆσαι τὸ ἀγαθὸν νοῆσαι τὸ ἐναντίον τῷ ἀγαθῷ κατενόησε. τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν ὁ φθόνος. ὁμολογεῖται δὲ παντὸς πράγματος ἀρχὴν τῶν μετ' αὐτὴν κατὰ τὸ ἀκόλουθον ἐπισυμβαινόντων αἰτίαν εἶναι, οἷον τῇ ὑγείᾳ τὸ εὐεκτεῖν, τὸ ἐργάζεσθαι, τὸ καθ' ἡδονὴν βιοτεύειν· τῇ δὲ νόσῳ τὸ ἀσθενεῖν, τὸ ἀνενέργητον εἶναι, τὸ ἐν ἀηδίᾳ τὴν ζωὴν ἔχειν. οὕτω καὶ τὰ ἄλλα πάντα ταῖς οἰκείαις ἀρχαῖς κατὰ τὸ ἀκόλουθον ἕπεται. ὥσπερ οὖν ἡ ἀπάθεια τῆς κατ' ἀρετὴν ζωῆς ἀρχὴ καὶ ὑπόθεσις γίνεται, οὕτως ἡ διὰ