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going to receive the ancient dignity of freedom, but they run to those who were not even able to free themselves, and this when the brother of God clearly proclaims, "if any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask from the giving God, and he will receive"? And how does the knowledge from outside wisdom banish from the soul all evil, as born from ignorance, (p. 80) when not even the knowledge from the evangelical teaching alone is able to do this? For not the hearers of the law will be saved, says Paul, but the doers of it, and the one who knew the will of God and did not do it, the Lord says, will be beaten many times and more than the one who did not know. Do you see how knowledge alone profits no one? And what do I say of the knowledge concerning practical matters or of the visible world or of the invisible? Not even the knowledge itself of God who created them will be able to profit anyone by itself. "For what is the benefit of dogmas, when a God-loving life is absent," which the Lord came to plant on earth, says the golden theologian John. Rather, not only is there no benefit from it, but also the greatest harm, which these men have also suffered, from whom you heard the words you reported to me. For what of him who did not come with superiority of speech, so that the mystery of the cross might not be emptied, who did not speak "in persuasive words of human wisdom," who knew nothing except the Lord Jesus, and him crucified, what then does he write to the Corinthians? "Knowledge puffs up." Have you seen the height of evil, the most peculiar judgment of the devil, the pride born from knowledge? How then does every passion grow from ignorance? And how does knowledge purify the soul? "Knowledge therefore puffs up," he says, "but love builds up." Have you seen what knowledge is without love, in no way purifying the soul, without love which is the crown and the root and the mean of all virtue? How then does knowledge that builds up nothing good—for this belongs to love—how then does this knowledge provide what is in the image of the good? And yet this kind of knowledge which according to the word of the apostle puffs up, is not of nature but of faith; (p. 62) but if this puffs up, how much more that one, about which our discourse is; for this is natural and of the old man. For outside education aids this natural knowledge, but it could never become spiritual, unless with faith it were joined to the love of God, or rather unless by love and the grace engendered from it, it were born again and became other than it was before, new and godlike, pure, peaceable, gentle, compliant, full of words that build up the hearers and of good fruits, which indeed is also named wisdom from above and wisdom of God, and as somehow spiritual, since it is subject to the wisdom of the spirit, it both knows and accepts the gifts of the spirit. But the one that is not such, is from below, psychic, demonic, just as the brother of God among the apostles says, which is why it does not accept the things of the Spirit according to what is written, "but the psychic man does not receive the things of the Spirit," but considers them foolishness and error and false opinion, and for the most part tries to completely subvert them and makes an open struggle to distort and to teach otherwise with all his power, but there are some things which it craftily accepts, using these as poisoners use sweet foods.

Thus the knowledge from outside education is not only different, but is also opposed to true and spiritual knowledge, even if some, themselves as it seems misled by it and attempting to mislead their hearers, discourse as if about one and the same thing, declaring this to be the end of contemplation. But so that I might also reveal to you something of the terrible depth of the depravity of the outside philosophers, the evil one and those who were wickedly made wise by him have stolen (p. 84) a most profitable command of ours and, like some wicked bait, they propose it with an identity of words, "attend to yourself" and "know thyself," but if you should seek

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ἐλευθερίας ἀρχαῖον ἀξίωμα ληψόμενοι, ἀλλά πρός τούς μηδέ ἑαυτούς ἐλευθερῶσαι δυνηθέντας τρέχουσι, καί ταῦτα τοῦ ἀδελφοθέου τρανῶς περιαγγέλλοντος, «εἴ τις λείπεται σοφίας, αἰτείτω παρά τοῦ διδόντος Θεοῦ καί λήψεται»; Πῶς δέ καί ἡ παρά τῆς ἔξω σοφίας γνῶσις κακία πᾶσαν ὡς ἐξ ἀγνοίας τικτομένην ἐξορίζει τῆς ψυχῆς, (σελ. 80) μηδ᾿ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀπό τῆς εὐαγγελικῆς διδασκαλίας γνώσεως μόνης ποιῆσαι τοῦτο δυναμένης; Οὐ γάρ οἱ ἀκροαταί τοῦ νόμου σωθήσονται, φησίν ὁ Παῦλος, ἀλλ᾿ οἱ ποιηταί αὐτοῦ, τόν δέ γνόντα τό θέλημα τοῦ Θεοῦ καί μή ποιήσαντα δαρρήσεσθαί φησιν ὁ Κύριος πολλά καί τοῦ μή εἰδότος πλέον. Ὁρᾷς ὡς οὐδένα ὀνίνησιν ἡ γνῶσις μόνη; Καί τί λέγω τήν περί τά πρακτέα ἤ τήν τοῦ ὁρατοῦ κόσμου ἤ τήν τοῦ ἀοράτου; Οὐδ᾿ αὐτή ἡ γνῶσις τοῦ κτίσαντος αὐτά Θεοῦ δυνήσεταί τινα ὀνῖναι μόνη. «Τί γάρ ὄφελος δογμάτων, θεοφιλοῦς ἀπόντος βίου», ὅν ἦλθε φυτεῦσαι ἐπί γῆς ὁ Κύριος, ὁ χρυσοῦς θεολόγος Ἰωάννης φησί. Μᾶλλον δέ οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἔστι ταύτης ὄφελος, ἀλλά καί μεγίστη βλάβη, ἥν καί οὗτοι πεπόνθασι, παρ᾿ ὧν ἤκουσας οὕς ἀνήγγελάς μοι λόγους. Τί γάρ, ὁ μή καθ᾿ ὑπεροχήν ἐλθών λόγου, ἵνα μή κενωθῇ τό μυστήριον τοῦ σταυροῦ, ὁ μή «ἐν πειθοῖς λαλῶν ἀνθρωπίνης σοφίας λόγοις», ὁ μηδέν εἰδώς εἰ μή Κύριον Ἰησοῦν, καί τοῦτον ἐσταυρωμένον, τί οὖν οὗτος γράφει πρός τούς Κορινθίους; «Ἡ γνῶσις φυσιοῖ». Εἶδες τόν κολοφῶνα τῆς κακίας, τό ἰδιαίτατον τοῦ διαβόλου κρῖμα, τόν τῦφον ἐκ τῆς γνώσεως τικτόμενον; Πῶς οὖν πᾶν πάθος ἐξ ἀγνοίας φύεται; Πῶς δ᾿ ἡ γνῶσις καθαίρει τήν ψυχήν; «Ἡ γνῶσις οὖν φυσιοῖ», φησίν, «ἡ δέ ἀγάπη οἰκοδομεῖ». Εἶδες ὅ τί ἐστι χωρίς ἀγάπης γνῶσις, μηδαμῶς καθαίρουσα τήν ψυχήν, ἀγάπης τῆς κορυφῆς καί τῆς ρίζης καί μεσότητος πάσης ἀρετῆς; Πῶς οὖν ἡ μηδέν ἀγαθόν οἰκοδομοῦσα γνῶσις - τῆς γάρ ἀγάπης τοῦτο - πῶς οὖν ἡ γνῶσις αὕτη τό κατ᾿ εἰκόνα παρέξεται τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ; Καίτοι τό εἶδος τοῦτο τῆς γνώσεως τό κατά τόν τοῦ ἀποστόλου λόγον φυσιοῦν, οὐ τῆς φύσεως ἀλλά τῆς πίστεώς ἐστιν˙ (σελ. 62) εἰ δέ αὕτη φυσιοῖ, πόσῳ μᾶλλον ἐκείνη, περί ἧς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος˙ φυσική γάρ ἐστιν αὕτη καί τοῦ παλαιοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Τῇ γάρ φυσικῇ ταύτῃ ἡ ἔξω παιδείᾳ βοηθεῖ, πνευματική δ᾿ οὔποτε γένοιτ᾿ ἄν, εἰ μή μετά τῆς πίστεως καί τῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ συγγένοιτο ἀγάπῃ, μᾶλλον δέ εἰ μή πρός τῆς ἀγάπης καί τῆς ἐξ αὐτῆς ἐγγινομένης χάριτος ἀναγεννηθείη καί ἄλλη παρά τήν προτέραν γένοιτο, καινή τε καί θεοειδής, ἁγνή, εἰρηνική, ἐπιεικής, εὐπειθής, μεστή τε λόγων τούς ἀκούοντας οἰκοδομούντων καί καρπῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἥτις δή καί ἄνωθεν σοφία καί Θεοῦ σοφία κατονομάζεται, καί ὡς πνευματική πως, ἅτε τῇ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑποτεταγμένη σοφίᾳ, τά τοῦ πνεύματος χαρίσματα καί γινώσκει καί ἀποδέχεται. Ἡ δέ μή τοιαύτη, κάτωθεν, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης, καθάπερ ὁ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἀδελφόθεος λέγει, διό καί τά τοῦ Πνεύματος οὐ προσίεται κατά τό γεγραμμένον, «ψυχικός δέ ἄνθρωπος οὐ δέχεται τά τοῦ Πνεύματος», ἀλλά μωρίαν αὐτά καί πλάνην καί ψευδοδοξίαν λογίζεται, καί τά πλείω μέν τούτων τελέως ἀνατρέπειν πειρᾶται καί φανερόν ἀγῶνα ποιεῖται διαστρέφειν τε καί μεταδιδάσκειν ὁπόση δύναμις, ἔστι δ᾿ ἅ καί πανούργως προσίεται, συγχρωμένη τούτοις, οἷά περ φαρμακοί τοῖς γλυκέσι τῶν ἐδωδίμων.

Οὕτως οὐκ ἄλλη μόνον ἡ παρά τῆς ἔξω παιδείας γνῶσις, ἀλλά καί ἐναντίως πρός τήν ἀληθῆ καί πνευματικήν διάκειται γνῶσιν, εἰ καί τινες αὐτοί τε παρ᾿ αὐτῆς ὡς ἔοικε παρηγμένοι καί τούς αὐτῶν ἀκροωμένους παράγειν ἐγχειροῦντες, ὡς περί μιᾶς καί τῆς αὐτῆς διαλέγονται, τέλος τῆς θεωρίας ἀποφαινόμενοι ταύτην. Ἵνα δέ καί τι τοῦ δεινοῦ βάθους τῆς τῶν ἔξω φιλοσόφων ποηρίας ἀνακαλύψω σοι, κέκλοφε μέν ὁ πονηρός καί οἱ παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ πονηρῶς σοφισθέντες ἐκεῖνοι (σελ. 84) παράγγελμά τι τῶν ἡμετέρων λυσιτελέστατον καί καθάπερ τι πονηρόν προβάλλονται δέλεαρ τῇ τῶν ρημάτων ταυτότητι, τό «σαυτῷ πρόσεχε» καί «γνῶθι σαυτόν», ἀλλ᾿ ἄν ζητήσῃς