8

The inclination towards wickedness that arose from envy became the path for all the evils that were revealed after it. For once he who generated envy in himself by turning away from goodness had an inclination toward evil, just as a stone broken off from a mountain ridge is driven downward by its own weight, so too was he, having been torn away from his natural affinity for the good and weighed down toward wickedness, automatically driven and carried away as if by some weight toward the furthest limit of evil, and having made the intellectual power, which he had received from the creator for cooperation in the participation of the better, a co-worker for the discovery of things devised according to wickedness, he cunningly outwits man through deceit, persuading him to become his own murderer and slayer. For since man, strengthened by the divine blessing, was high in dignity; for he was appointed to rule the earth and all things on it; and beautiful in form, for he had become an image of the archetypal beauty; and impassible in nature, for he was an imitation of the impassible one; and full of boldness, delighting in the divine manifestation face to face; these things were kindling for the adversary's passion of envy. But he was not able to accomplish his purpose by any strength or violence of power; for the power of God's blessing was stronger than his violence. Therefore, he contrives to make him stand away from the power that strengthens him, so that he might become easily captured by his plot. And just as with a lamp whose fire has taken hold of the wick, if someone unable to extinguish the flame by blowing should mix water with the oil, he will dim the flame by this device, so the adversary, by mixing wickedness with man's choice through deceit, produced a certain extinguishing and dimming of the blessing, and when this failed, its opposite of necessity entered in its place. Opposed to life is death, to power is weakness, to blessing is the curse, to boldness is shame, and to all good things are conceived their opposites. For this reason humanity is now in its present evils, since that beginning provided the starting-points for such an end.

7

And let no one ask whether God, foreknowing the human calamity that would befall him from his lack of counsel, proceeded to create man, for whom it would perhaps have been more advantageous not to have been born than to be in evils. For those who are led astray by deceit into the Manichaean doctrines propose these things for the establishment of their own error, as if by this they prove that the creator of human nature is evil. For if God is ignorant of nothing that exists, and man is in evils, the account of God's goodness could no longer be preserved, if indeed He brought man into life when he was destined to live in evils. For if the activity in accordance with the good is in every way of a good nature, this grievous and perilous life, he says, could no longer be traced back to the creation of the good, but one must suppose another cause of such a life, one whose nature is inclined toward wickedness. For all these and similar arguments seem to have a certain force through their superficial plausibility for those who have deeply received the heretical deceit like some indelible dye; but by those more discerning of the truth they are clearly seen to be unsound and having a ready proof of their deceit. And it seems to me to be good in these matters to appoint the apostle as an advocate for the accusation against them. For in his discourse to the Corinthians he distinguishes both the carnal and the spiritual states of souls, showing, I think, through what is said, that it is not proper to judge the beautiful or the evil by means of sense-perception, but that having drawn the mind away from the things that appear according to the body, one should discern the nature of the beautiful and its opposite in and of itself. For the spiritual man, he says, judges all things. This, I think, is the cause of the fabrication of these doctrines that has arisen for those who propose such things, that

8

τοῦ φθόνου γενομένη πρὸς κακίαν ῥοπὴ τῶν μετ' αὐτὴν πάντων ἀναδειχθέντων κακῶν ὁδὸς κατέστη. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἅπαξ πρὸς τὸ κακὸν τὴν ῥοπὴν ἔσχεν ὁ τῇ ἀποστροφῇ τῆς ἀγαθότητος ἐν ἑαυτῷ γεννήσας τὸν φθόνον, ὥσπερ λίθος ἀκρωρείας ἀπορραγεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ ἰδίου βάρους πρὸς τὸ πρανὲς συνελαύνεται, οὕτω κἀκεῖνος, τῆς πρὸς τὸ ἀγαθὸν συμφυίας ἀποσπασθεὶς καὶ πρὸς κακίαν βρίσας, αὐτομάτως οἷόν τινι βάρει πρὸς τὸν ἔσχατον τῆς πονηρίας ὅρον συνωσθεὶς ἀπηνέχθη, καὶ τὴν διανοητικὴν δύναμιν, ἣν εἰς συνέργειαν τῆς τοῦ κρείττονος μετουσίας ἔσχε παρὰ τοῦ κτίσαντος, ταύτην εἰς εὕρεσιν τῶν κατὰ κακίαν ἐπινοουμένων συνεργὸν ποιησάμενος, εὐμηχάνως περιέρχεται δι' ἀπάτης τὸν ἄνθρωπον, αὐτὸν ἑαυτοῦ γενέσθαι πείσας φονέα τε καὶ αὐτόχειρα. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ διὰ τῆς θείας εὐλογίας δυναμωθεὶς ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὑψηλὸς μὲν ἦν τῷ ἀξιώματι· βασιλεύειν γὰρ ἐτάχθη τῆς γῆς τε καὶ τῶν ἐπ' αὐτῆς πάντων· καλὸς δὲ τὸ εἶδος· ἀπεικό νισμα γὰρ τοῦ ἀρχετύπου ἐγεγόνει κάλλους· ἀπαθὴς δὲ τὴν φύσιν· τοῦ γὰρ ἀπαθοῦς μίμημα ἦν· ἀνάπλεως δὲ παρρησίας, αὐτῆς κατὰ πρόσωπον τῆς θείας ἐμφανείας κατατρυφῶν· ταῦτα δὲ τῷ ἀντικειμένῳ τοῦ κατὰ τὸν φθόνον πάθους ὑπεκκαύματα ἦν· ἰσχύι δέ τινι καὶ βίᾳ δυνάμεως κατεργάσασθαι τὸ κατὰ γνώμην οὐχ οἷός τε ἦν· ὑπερίσχυε γὰρ ἡ τῆς εὐλογίας τοῦ θεοῦ δύναμις τῆς τούτου βίας· διὰ τοῦτο ἀποστῆσαι τῆς ἐνισχυούσης αὐτὸν δυνάμεως μηχανᾶται, ὡς ἂν εὐάλωτος αὐτῷ πρὸς τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν κατασταίη. καὶ ὥσπερ ἐπὶ λύχνου τοῦ πυρὸς τῆς θρυαλλίδος περιδεδραγμένου, εἴ τις ἀδυνατῶν τῷ φυσήματι σβέσαι τὴν φλόγα ὕδωρ ἐμμίξειε τῷ ἐλαίῳ διὰ τῆς ἐπινοίας ταύτης ἀμαυρώσει τὴν φλόγα, οὕτως δι' ἀπάτης τῇ προαιρέσει τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τὴν κακίαν ἐμ μίξας ὁ ἀντικείμενος σβέσιν τινὰ καὶ ἀμαύρωσιν τῆς εὐλογίας ἐποίησεν, ἧς ἐπιλειπούσης ἐξ ἀνάγκης τὸ ἀντι κείμενον ἀντεισέρχεται. ἀντίκειται δὲ τῇ ζωῇ μὲν ὁ θάνατος, ἡ ἀσθένεια δὲ τῇ δυνάμει, τῇ εὐλογίᾳ δὲ ἡ κατάρα, τῇ παρρησίᾳ δὲ ἡ αἰσχύνη, καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς τὰ κατὰ τὸ ἐναντίον νοούμενα. διὰ τοῦτο ἐν τοῖς παροῦσι κακοῖς ἐστὶ νῦν τὸ ἀνθρώπινον, τῆς· ἀρχῆς ἐκείνης τοῦ τοιούτου τέλους τὰς ἀφορμὰς παρασχούσης.

7 Καὶ μηδεὶς ἐρωτάτω, εἰ προειδὼς τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην συμφορὰν ὁ θεὸς τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀβουλίας αὐτῷ συμβησομένην ἦλθεν εἰς τὸ κτίσαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ᾧ τὸ μὴ γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ἴσως ἢ τὸ ἐν κακοῖς εἶναι λυσιτελέστερον ἦν. ταῦτα γὰρ οἱ τοῖς Μανιχαικοῖς δόγμασι δι' ἀπάτης παρασυρέντες εἰς σύστασιν τῆς ἑαυτῶν πλάνης προβάλ λουσιν, ὡς διὰ τούτου πονηρὸν εἶναι τὸν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως κτίστην ἀποδεικνύοντες. εἰ γὰρ ἀγνοεῖ μὲν τῶν ὄντων οὐδὲν ὁ θεός, ἐν κακοῖς δὲ ὁ ἄνθρωπος, οὐκέτ' ἂν ὁ τῆς ἀγαθότητος τοῦ θεοῦ διασώζοιτο λόγος, εἴπερ ἐν κακοῖς μέλλοντα τὸν ἄνθρωπον ζήσεσθαι πρὸς τὸν βίον παρήγαγεν. εἰ γὰρ ἀγαθῆς φύσεως ἡ κατὰ τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐνέργεια πάντως ἐστίν, ὁ λυπηρὸς οὗτος καὶ ἐπίκηρος βίος οὐκέτ' ἄν, φησίν, εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ δημιουργίαν ἀνάγοιτο, ἀλλ' ἕτερον χρὴ τῆς τοιαύτης ζωῆς αἴτιον οἴεσθαι, ᾧ πρὸς πονηρίαν ἡ φύσις ἐπιρρεπῶς ἔχει. ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα τοῖς μὲν ἐν βάθει καθάπερ τινὰ δευσοποιὸν βαφὴν τὴν αἱρετικὴν παραδεδεγμένοις ἀπάτην ἰσχύν τινα διὰ τῆς ἐπιπολαίου πιθανότητος ἔχειν δοκεῖ· τοῖς δὲ διορατικωτέροις τῆς ἀληθείας σαθρὰ ὄντα καὶ πρόχειρον τὴν τῆς ἀπάτης ἀπόδειξιν ἔχοντα σαφῶς καθορᾶται. καί μοι δοκεῖ καλῶς ἔχειν τὸν ἀπόστολον ἐν τούτοις συνήγορον τῆς κατ' αὐτῶν κατηγορίας προστήσασθαι. διαιρεῖ γὰρ ἐν τῷ πρὸς Κορινθίους λόγῳ τάς τε σαρκώδεις καὶ τὰς πνευματικὰς τῶν ψυχῶν καταστάσεις, δεικνύς, οἶμαι, διὰ τῶν λεγομένων, ὅτι οὐ δι' αἰσθήσεως τὸ καλὸν ἢ τὸ κακὸν κρίνειν προσήκει, ἀλλ' ἔξω τῶν κατὰ τὸ σῶμα φαινομένων τὸν νοῦν ἀποστήσαντας, αὐτὴν ἐφ' ἑαυτῆς τοῦ καλοῦ τε καὶ τοῦ ἐναντίου διακρίνειν τὴν φύσιν. ὁ γὰρ πνευμα τικός, φησίν, ἀνακρίνει τὰ πάντα. ταύτην οἶμαι τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς τῶν δογμάτων τούτων μυθοποιίας τοῖς τὰ τοιαῦτα προφέρουσιν ἐγγεγενῆσθαι, ὅτι