8

as a diminutive, they called the inscription of nobility 'titulus' from the first Titus, and those noble by ancestry 'Titi,' as Persius the Roman says. 20 Such are some things concerning dignities, but the eupatrids of Rome considered the good repute from favors to be the first of all honors; and by as much as they had more men attached to them, by so much they considered their glory greater than those who had fewer. And the Roman Juvenal is a witness, who said 34 that for the ancients the good repute from favors came first, before even consulships and triumphs and deeds of valor in wars. Those attached to them they called 'clientes' in their ancestral tongue—instead of 'colentes' by substitution of letters—as if honoring and loving them, bestowing gifts with all honor and moderation, so as to call the honors of friends 'philotimiai'. And no one, having obtained the attachment of a eupatrid, thereafter had need of another for the consolation of his whole life, since they considered it a disgrace and a desertion of their own fortune if any of their friends came to be in need of another. And a faint trace of this has been preserved among the Romans until now. For near Ostia—which is a city situated at the mouths of the Tiber—the nobles of Rome would send their closest associates, as if for some fine prey, to take strangers who were putting to sea and bring them to them before others, with the courtyard gates of the greater man's house opened to all for a display of every abundance, with no guard or doorkeeper preventing entry to those in need, the eupatrids themselves with their wives and children appearing before the strangers and bidding those who had never been seen by them to be of good courage. Yet such philanthropy also came to our Rome, and thereafter it did not cease, with the glorious among us displaying the superiority of their fortune up to themselves.

WHENCE THE ROMANS ARE ALSO TWO-NAMED AND THREE-NAMED 21 And before Romulus one might find the Silvii, the kings of the land

surnamed from Silvius Aeneas, descendant of the first Aeneas. For those of old, having their dwellings in the woods and honoring the nomadic life, priding themselves, called themselves Silvii, with not even the kings themselves disdaining to pasture herds and collect wealth from them; whence also according to 36 them they call money 'pecunia'. For this reason also antiquity knows that dogs once accompanied Evander the Tegean. And not only to men was the surname of the Silvii applied but also to women, as in Rhea Silvia and Ilia Silvia. But after the founding of Rome and the rape of the Sabines, king Numa was the first to have two names, being called Pompilius Numa; of which the one was a Roman surname, the other a Sabine. For before him one would not find Romulus or anyone at all before the union of the Sabines with the Romans who had acquired a name besides the proper name he had. 22 And at that time it was a point of zeal and an honor for them to be dignified by a name from each lineage, but as time went on it introduced new surnames, now from Trojan nobility, now from the so-called Aborigines and autochthons of the land—for we know of Cethegus claiming to draw his lineage from those earth-born ones, appearing in the forum naked of clothing, with only a rough toga lying about his chest, although puffed up with senatorial distinctions—and then also from character or disposition, as Publius Valerius Publicola, of whose surnames the first two, as I said, signified splendor from the Romans and Sabines, while the third showed a disposition from affection for the people. And perhaps it is useful instead of many moderate things to mention such excesses; for I do not have the leisure to be idle in this investigation, which is sufficient in and of itself to occupy very large books. 23

8

ὑποκοριστικῶς τίτουλον ἀπὸ τοῦ πρώτου Τίτου τὴν προγραφὴν τῆς εὐγενείας ἐκάλεσαν καὶ Τίτους τοὺς ἐκ προγόνων εὐγενεῖς, ὥς φησι Πέρσιος ὁ Ῥωμαῖος. 20 Τοιαῦτα μέν τινα περὶ τῶν ἀξιωμάτων, πάσης δὲ τιμῆς πρώτην ἐλογίζοντο οἱ τῆς Ῥώμης εὐπατρίδαι τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν χαρισμάτων εὐφημίαν· καὶ ὅσῳ πλείους εἶχον τοὺς οἰκειουμένους αὐτοῖς τοσούτῳ μείζονα τὴν εὐδοξίαν παρὰ τοὺς ἐλάττονας ἔχοντας ἐλογίζοντο. καὶ μάρτυς ὁ Ῥωμαῖος Ἰουβενάλιος, εἰπὼν 34 καὶ ὑπατειῶν καὶ θριάμβων καὶ τῶν ἐν πολέμοις ἀνδραγαθημάτων πρώτην γενέσθαι τοῖς ἀρχαίοις τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν χαρισμάτων εὔκλειαν. τοὺς δὲ οἰκειουμένους αὐτοῖς κλιέντης, ἀντὶ τοῦ κολιέντης κατ' ἀντίστοιχον, πατρίως ἐκάλουν, οἷον εἰ τιμῶντας καὶ ἀγαπῶντας αὐτούς, σὺν πάσῃ τιμῇ καὶ μετριότητι τὰς δωρεὰς χαριζόμενοι, ὥστε φιλοτιμίας τὰς τῶν φίλων τιμὰς ὀνομάζειν. οὐδεὶς δέ, τυχὼν οἰκειώσεως εὐπατρίδου, ἔχρησεν ἑτέρου τὸ λοιπὸν πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ὅλου βίου παραμυθίαν, αἶσχος οἰομένων αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς οἰκείας τύχης ἀπόστασιν εἴ πού τις τῶν φίλων αὐτοῖς εἰς ἑτέρου κατέστη χρείαν. καὶ τουτουῒ ἴχνος ἀμαυρὸν ἕως ἄρτι παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις ἐφυλάττετο. περὶ γὰρ τὴν Ὀστίαν πόλις δέ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Θύβριδος κειμένη ἀπέστελλον οἱ τῆς Ῥώμης λογάδες τοὺς οἰκειοτάτους, καθάπερ τι θήραμα καλόν, τοὺς ἀναγομένους ξένους λαμβάνοντας πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἄγειν ὡς αὐτούς, πρὸς πάσης ἀφθονίας ἐπίδοσιν ἀνεῳχθεισῶν ἅπασι τῶν αὐλείων θυρῶν τῆς οἰκίας τοῦ μείζονος, μηδενὸς φύλακος ἢ θυρωροῦ διακωλύοντος τοῖς δεομένοις τὴν εἴσοδον, αὐτῶν τῶν εὐπατριδῶν σὺν γαμεταῖς καὶ τέκνοις προφαινομένων τοῖς ξένοις καὶ θαρρεῖν ἀξιούντων τοὺς οὐδέποτε ὀφθέντας αὐτοῖς. διῆλθε δὲ ὅμως καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν καθ' ἡμᾶς Ῥώμην ἡ τοιαύτη φιλανθρωπία καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν οὐκ ἔστη, τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν ἐνδόξων ἄχρις ἑαυτῶν τὴν ὑπεροχὴν τῆς τύχης ἐνδεικνυμένων.

ΠΌΘΕΝ ∆ΙΏΝΥΜΟΙ ΚΑῚ ΤΡΙΏΝΥΜΟΙ ΚΑῚ ἜΤΙ ῬΩΜΑΙ͂ΟΙ 21 Καὶ πρὸ Ῥωμύλου δὲ ἄν τις εὕροι Σιλβίους τοὺς βασιλέας τῆς χώρας

ἐπονομαζομένους ἀπὸ Σιλβίου Αἰνείου τοῦ ἀπὸ Αἰνείου τοῦ πρώτου. ἐν γὰρ ταῖς ὕλαις τὰς οἰκήσεις ἔχοντες οἱ πρὶν καὶ τὸν νομαδικὸν τιμῶντες βίον Σιλβίους σφᾶς σεμνυνόμενοι προσηγόρευον, μηδὲ αὐτῶν βασιλέων ἀπαξιούντων νέμειν ἀγέλας καὶ χρήματα συλλέγειν αὐτῶν· ὅθεν καὶ πεκουνίας κατ' 36 αὐτοὺς τὰ χρήματα καλοῦσιν. ταύτῃ καὶ κύνας παρέπεσθαι Εὐάνδρῳ ποτὲ τῷ Τεγεάτῃ ἡ παλαιότης οἶδεν. καὶ οὐ μόνον ἀνδράσι τὸ Σιλβίων ἐπώνυμον ἀλλὰ καὶ γυναιξὶν ἐπετίθετο, ὡς Ῥέᾳ Σιλβίᾳ καὶ Ἰλίᾳ Σιλβίᾳ. μετὰ δὲ τὴν τῆς Ῥώμης γένεσινκαὶ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῶν Σαβίνων πρῶτος ὁ βασιλεὺς Νουμᾶς διώνυμος ἐχρημάτισεν, Πομπίλιος Νουμᾶς προσαγορευόμενος· ὧν τὸ μὲν Ῥωμαίων, τὸ δὲ Σαβίνων ἐπώνυμον ἦν. οὐδὲ γὰρ πρὸ αὐτοῦ εὕροι ἄν τις Ῥωμύλον ἤ τινα ὅλως πρὸ τῆς Σαβίνων πρὸς Ῥωμαίους συναφείας παρὰ τὴν οὖσαν αὐτῷ κυρίαν προσηγορίαν κτησάμενον. 22 Καὶ τότε μὲν σπουδὴ καὶ κόσμος ἦν ἐκείνοις τῇ ἐξ ἑκατέρας γενεᾶς σεμνύνεσθαι προσηγορίᾳ, προϊὼν δὲ ὁ χρόνος ἐπωνυμίας εἰσήγαγε καινάς, νῦν μὲν ἀπὸ Τρωϊκῆς εὐγενείας, νῦν δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν λεγομένων Ἀβοριγίνων καὶ αὐτοχθόνων τῆς χώρας καὶ γὰρ ἴσμεν Κέθηγον ἐξ ἐκείνων τῶν γηγενῶν ἕλκειν τὸ γένος ἀξιοῦντα, γυμνὸν ἐσθῆτος, μόνης αὐτῷ τόγης τραχείας περὶ τοῖς στέρνοις κειμένης, ἐπ' ἀγορᾶς γινόμενον, καίτοι βουλευτικοῖς ὠγκωμένον γνωρίσμασιν, εἶτα δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τρόπου ἢ διαθέσεως, ὡς Πούπλιος Βαλέριος Πουπλικόλας, ὧν αἱ μὲν δύο ἐπωνυμίαι τὴν ἐκ Ῥωμαίων, ὡς ἔφην, καὶ Σαβίνων παρεδήλουν λαμπρότητα, ἡ δὲ τρίτη τὴν ἐκ τῆς περὶ τὸν δῆμον στοργῆς ἐδείκνυ διάθεσιν. καὶ τάχα χρειῶδες ἀντὶ πολλῶν μετρίων ἐπιμνησθῆναι τοιουτωδῶν περιττωμάτων· οὐδὲ γὰρ σχολὴν ἄγω περὶ ταύτην ἀπραγῆσαι τὴν ζήτησιν, ἱκανὴν οὖσαν καθ' ἑαυτὴν καὶ μόνην μεγίστας ἀπασχολῆσαι βίβλους. 23