they will reasonably agree that nothing concerning human affairs comes from the stars, but, as we have said before, if anything, they are signified; As if someone received the past and the future not from the stars, but from the mind of God through some prophetic word. For just as we have previously demonstrated that it in no way harms the doctrine of what is in our power for God to know what will be done by each person, so also the signs, which God has appointed for signifying, do not impede what is in our power; But similarly to a book containing the future prophetically, the whole heaven is able, being as it were a book of God, to contain the future. Therefore in the Prayer of Joseph, what is said by Jacob can be understood in this way: "For I have read on the tablets of heaven whatever will happen to you and to your sons." And perhaps also this: "The heaven will be rolled up like a scroll"; it indicates that the words contained therein, signifying future events, will be completed and, so to speak, fulfilled, just as the prophecies are also said to have been fulfilled by having come to pass. And so it will be that the stars have become for signs, according to the voice which says: "Let them be for signs." But Jeremiah, turning us back to ourselves and removing fear of those things which are thought to be signified, and perhaps also are supposed to come from there, says: "Be not dismayed at the signs of heaven." 23.16 Let us consider a second argument, how the stars cannot be causative, but if anything, significative. For from as many nativities as possible it is possible to derive the things concerning one person; but we say this hypothetically, conceding that a science of them can be apprehended by men. For let us say, that concerning this particular man who will suffer this particular thing and will die by falling among robbers and being killed, they say it is possible to derive this both from his own nativity, even if he happens to have several brothers, and from the nativity of each of them. For they think that the nativity of each contains a brother who will die by the hands of robbers, likewise also that of the father and that of the mother and that of his wife and of his sons and of his servants and dearest friends, and perhaps also of the murderers themselves. How then is it possible for him who is contained in so many nativities, that this may be conceded to them, to be brought about by the configuration of the stars of this nativity rather than of those? For it is absurd also to claim that the configuration in the particular nativity of this person has caused these things, but that the one in the nativities of these others has not caused them but only signified them; for it is foolish to say that the nativity of all of them contained in each case the cause of this particular man being killed, so that in, I say hypothetically, fifty nativities the fact that this particular man would be killed is contained. I do not know how they will be able to maintain that for almost all in Judea the configuration at birth is of such a kind, that they receive circumcision on the eighth day, having their members mutilated and being wounded and falling into inflammation and injuries, and at the same time as their entry into life being in need of physicians; and for the Ishmaelites in Arabia, of such a kind, that all are circumcised at the age of thirteen; for this has been recorded about them; and again for certain people among the Ethiopians that their kneecaps are removed, and for the Amazons, one of their breasts. For how do the stars cause these things for these nations? I think that if we were to investigate, we would not be able to establish anything true to say about them. But with so many prognostic methods being current, I do not know how men have run aground on saying that augury and divination by sacrifice do not contain the effective cause, but only signify, and also stargazing, but no longer so for astrology of nativities. For if, because it is known—that we may even grant that it is known—it comes from the source from which the knowledge is received, why will the events come more from the stars than from the birds of omen, and more from the birds of omen than from the entrails of sacrificial victims or from shooting stars? These things then for the present will suffice for the refutation of the stars being the cause of human affairs. 23.17 (3) But as for what we have conceded, for it did not harm the

εὐγνωμόνως συγκαταθήσονται τῷ μηδὲν τῶν κατὰ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀπὸ τῶν ἀστέρων γίνεσθαι, ἀλλ' ὡς προειρήκαμεν, εἰ ἄρα, σημαίνεσθαι· Ὡς εἰ καὶ μὴ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀστέρων τις ἐλάμβανε τὰ παρελη λυθότα καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τοῦ νοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ διά τινος λόγου προφητικοῦ. Ὥσπερ γὰρ προαπεδείξαμεν ὅτι οὐδὲν λυπεῖ τὸν περὶ τοῦ ἐφ' ἡμῖν λόγον τὸ τὸν θεὸν εἰδέναι τὰ πραχθησόμενα ἑκάστῳ, οὕτως οὐδὲ τὰ σημεῖα, ἃ ἔταξεν ὁ θεὸς εἰς τὸ σημαίνειν, ἐμποδίζει τὸ ἐφ' ἡμῖν· Ἀλλὰ παραπλησίως βιβλίῳ περιέχοντι τὰ μέλλοντα προφητικῶς ὁ πᾶς οὐρανὸς δύναται, οἱονεὶ βίβλος ὢν θεοῦ, περιέχειν τὰ μέλλοντα. ∆ιόπερ ἐν τῇ προσευχῇ τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ δύναται οὕτω νοεῖσθαι τὸ λεγόμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἰακώβ· «Ἀνέγνων γὰρ ἐν ταῖς πλαξὶ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὅσα συμβήσεται ὑμῖν καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς ὑμῶν.» Τάχα δὲ καὶ τό· «Εἱλιγήσεται ὁ οὐρανὸς ὡς βιβλίον»· τοὺς λόγους τοὺς περιεχομένους σημαντικοὺς τῶν ἐσομένων δηλοῖ ἀπαρτισθησομένους καί, ἵν' οὕτως εἴπω, πληρωθησομένους, ὥσπερ λέγονται καὶ αἱ προφητεῖαι πεπληρῶσθαι τῷ ἐκβεβηκέναι. Καὶ οὕτως ἔσται εἰς σημεῖα τὰ ἄστρα γεγονότα, κατὰ τὴν λέγουσαν φωνήν· «Ἔστωσαν εἰς σημεῖα.» Ὁ δὲ Ἱερεμίας ἐπιστρέφων ἡμᾶς πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς καὶ περιαιρῶν φόβον τὸν ἐπὶ τοῖς νομιζομένοις σημαίνεσθαι, τάχα δὲ καὶ ὑπολαμβανο μένοις ἐκεῖθεν ἔρχεσθαι, φησίν· «Ἀπὸ τῶν σημείων τοῦ οὐρανοῦ μὴ φοβεῖσθε.» 23.16 Ἴδωμεν καὶ δεύτερον ἐπιχείρημα, πῶς οὐ δύνανται οἱ ἀστέρες εἶναι ποιητικοί, ἀλλ' εἰ ἄρα σημαντικοί. Ἀπὸ πλείστων γὰρ ὅσων γενέσεων ἔστι λαβεῖν τὰ περὶ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου· τοῦτο δὲ καθ' ὑπόθεσιν λέγομεν, συγχωροῦντες τὸ ἐπιστήμην αὐτῶν ἀναλαμβάνεσθαι ὑπ' ἀνθρώπων δύνα σθαι. Φέρε γὰρ εἰπεῖν, περὶ τοῦ τόνδε πείσεσθαι τόδε καὶ τεθνήξεσθαι περιπεσόντα λῃσταῖς καὶ ἀναιρεθέντα φασὶ δύνασθαι λαμβάνειν ἀπό τε τῆς ἰδίας αὐτοῦ γενέσεως, κἂν τύχῃ ἔχων ἀδελφοὺς πλείονας, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἑκάστου αὐτῶν. Περιέχειν γὰρ οἴονται τὴν ἑκάστου γένεσιν ἀδελφὸν ὑπὸ λῃστῶν τεθνηξόμενον, ὁμοίως καὶ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τὴν τῆς μητρὸς καὶ τὴν τῆς γαμετῆς καὶ τῶν υἱῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ τῶν οἰκετῶν καὶ τῶν φιλτάτων, τάχα δὲ καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν ἀναιρούντων. Πῶς οὖν δυνατὸν τὸν τοσαύταις γενέσεσιν, ἵνα αὐτοῖς τοῦτο συγχωρηθῇ, ἐμπεριεχόμενον γίνεσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ σχημα τισμοῦ τῶν ἀστέρων τῆσδε μᾶλλον τῆς γενέσεως ἢ τῶνδε; Ἀπίθανον γὰρ καὶ τὸ φάσκειν τὸν σχηματισμὸν τὸν ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ τοῦδέ τινος γενέσει ταῦτα πεποιηκέναι, τὸν δὲ ἐν τῇ τῶνδε γενέσει μὴ πεποιηκέναι ἀλλὰ σεσημαγκέναι μόνον· ἠλίθιον γὰρ τὸ εἰπεῖν ὅτι ἡ πάντων γένεσις περιεῖχε καθ' ἕκαστον ποιητικὸν τοῦ τόνδε ἀναιρεθῆναι, ὥστε ἐν γενέσεσιν, καθ' ὑπόθεσιν λέγω, πεντήκοντα περιέχεσθαι τὸ τόνδε τινὰ ἀναιρεθῆναι. Οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως δυνήσονται σῶσαι τὸ τῶν μὲν ἐν Ἰουδαίᾳ σχεδὸν πάντων τοιόνδε εἶναι τὸν σχηματισμὸν ἐπὶ τῆς γενέσεως, ὡς ὀκταήμερον αὐτοὺς λαμβάνειν περιτομήν, ἀκρωτηριαζομένους τὰ μόρια καὶ ἑλκουμένους καὶ φλεγμονῇ περιπεσουμένους καὶ τραύμασι, καὶ ἅμα τῇ εἰς τὸν βίον εἰσόδῳ ἰατρῶν δεομένους· τῶν δὲ ἐν Ἰσμαηλίταις τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἀραβίαν τοιόνδε, ὡς πάντας περιτέμνεσθαι τρισκαιδεκαετεῖς· τοῦτο γὰρ ἱστόρηται περὶ αὐτῶν· καὶ πάλιν τῶνδέ τινων τῶν ἐν Αἰθίοψι τοῖσδε τὰς κόγχας τῶν γονάτων περιαιρεῖσθαι, καὶ τῶν Ἀμαζόνων τοὺς ἑτέρους τῶν μαστῶν. Πῶς γὰρ ταῦτα ποιοῦσιν οἱ ἀστέρες τοῖσδε τοῖς ἔθνεσιν; Οἶμαι ὅτι εἰ ἐπιστήσαιμεν οὐδὲ μέχρι τοῦ στῆσαι δυνησόμεθά τι ἀληθὲς εἰπεῖν περὶ αὐτῶν. Τοσούτων δὲ φερομένων ὁδῶν προγνωστικῶν, οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως ἐξώκειλαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐπὶ τὸ τὴν μὲν οἰωνιστικὴν καὶ τὴν θυτικὴν μὴ λέγειν περιέχειν τὸ ποιοῦν αἴτιον, ἀλλὰ σημαίνειν μόνον, καὶ τὴν ἀστεροσκοπικήν, οὐκ ἔτι δὲ τὴν γενεθλιαλογικήν. Εἰ γὰρ ἐπεὶ γινώσκεται, ἵνα καὶ χαρισώμεθα τὸ γινώσκεσθαι, γίνεται ἐκεῖθεν ὅθεν ἡ γνῶσις λαμβάνεται, τί μᾶλλον ἀπὸ τῶν ἀστέρων ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν οἰωνῶν ἔσται τὰ γινόμενα, καὶ μᾶλλον ἀπὸ τῶν οἰωνῶν ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν σπλάγχνων τῶν θυομένων ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν διαττόντων ἀστέρων; Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἀρκέσει εἰς ἀναίρεσιν τοῦ ποιητικοὺς εἶναι τοὺς ἀστέρας τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων. 23.17 (γʹ) Ὅπερ δὲ συγκεχωρήκαμεν, οὐ γὰρ ἐλύπει τὸν