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iron, and carpentry with wood; and in these, the underlying substance is one thing, the form is another, and that which is completed from the form is another; and the matter is taken from without, but the form is applied by the art, and the result is that which is composed from both, from the form and the matter; so they think also in the case of the divine creation, that the shape of the cosmos was introduced by the wisdom of the maker of all things, but that the matter was supplied from without to the creator, and that the cosmos has come into being as a composite, having its underlying substance and essence from another source, but having received its shape and form from God. From this it follows for them to deny that the great God presided over the constitution of beings, but that like a contributor to some picnic, he contributed a small portion from himself to the genesis of beings; not being able, through the lowliness of their reasonings, to look up to the height of the truth; that here the arts are subsequent to their materials, having been introduced into life on account of necessary need. For the wool pre-existed, and the art of weaving came afterwards, supplying from itself what was lacking in nature. And wood existed, but carpentry, taking it and shaping the matter for the particular need required each time, showed us the usefulness of woods, providing an oar for sailors, a shovel for farmers, a spear for soldiers. But God, before any of the things now seen came to be, having conceived in his mind and being moved to bring into being things that were not, at the same time both conceived what sort of cosmos there ought to be, and with its form he brought forth the fitting matter. And for heaven he set apart the nature fitting for heaven; and to the shape of the earth he supplied its own and proper substance. And fire and water and air he both shaped as he willed, and brought into being as the principle of each of the things coming to be required. And the whole cosmos, being of dissimilar parts, he bound with an unbreakable law of friendship into one community and harmony; so that even things most distant from each other in position seem to be united through sympathy. Let them cease, therefore, from mythical fictions, measuring by the weakness of their own reasonings the power which is incomprehensible to minds and utterly ineffable by human voice. 2.3 God made the heaven and the earth; not half of each, but the whole heaven and the whole earth, the very substance being included with the form. For he is not an inventor of shapes, but the creator of the very nature of beings. Otherwise, let them answer us, how did the active power of God and the passive nature of matter meet one another; the one providing the substrate without form; the other having the knowledge of shapes, without the matter, so that to each might be given from the other what was lacking; to the creator, the having a place to display his art, and to matter, the putting away of its formlessness and the privation of form. But let this suffice concerning these things. Let us return to the beginning. But the earth was invisible and unfinished. Having said, 'In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth,' he passed over many things in silence: water, air, fire, the properties begotten from these; all of which, clearly, as complementary parts of the cosmos, subsisted together with the whole; but the history omitted them, training our mind to quickness, providing from a few starting points the means to reason about what is left out. Since, then, it is not said concerning the water that God made it, but it is said that the earth was invisible; consider for yourself by what veil it was covered so as not to appear. Therefore, fire could not have covered it. For fire is illuminating and provides visibility to whatever it approaches, rather than darkness. Nor, indeed, was air then a covering for the earth. For the nature of air is thin and transparent, receiving all forms of visible things, and conveying them to the sight of those who see. It remains, therefore, for us to understand that water was floating on the surface of the earth, not yet in its own proper place of the moist substance

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σίδηρον, τεκτονικὴ δὲ περὶ τὰ ξύλα· καὶ ἐν τούτοις ἄλλο μέν τί ἐστι τὸ ὑποκείμενον, ἄλλο δὲ τὸ εἶδος, ἄλλο δὲ τὸ ἐκ τοῦ εἴδους ἀποτελούμενον· καὶ ἔστιν ἡ μὲν ὕλη ἔξωθεν παραλαμβανομένη, τὸ δὲ εἶδος παρὰ τῆς τέχνης ἐφαρμοζόμενον, ἀποτέλεσμα δὲ τὸ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν συντιθέμενον ἔκ τε τοῦ εἴδους καὶ τῆς ὕλης· οὕτως οἴονται καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς θείας δημιουργίας, τὸ μὲν σχῆμα τοῦ κόσμου παρὰ τῆς σοφίας ἐπῆχθαι τοῦ ποιητοῦ τῶν ὅλων, τὴν δὲ ὕλην ἔξωθεν ὑποβεβλῆσθαι τῷ κτίσαντι, καὶ γεγε νῆσθαι τὸν κόσμον σύνθετον, τὸ μὲν ὑποκείμενον καὶ τὴν οὐσίαν ἑτέρωθεν ἔχοντα, τὸ δὲ σχῆμα καὶ τὴν μορφὴν παρὰ Θεοῦ προσλαβόντα. Ἐκ δὲ τούτου αὐτοῖς ὑπάρχει ἀρνεῖσθαι μὲν τὸν μέγαν Θεὸν τῆς συστάσεως τῶν ὄντων προεστηκέναι, οἷον δὲ ἐράνου τινὸς πληρωτὴν, ὀλίγην τινὰ μοῖραν εἰς τὴν τῶν ὄντων γένεσιν παρ' ἑαυτοῦ συμβεβλῆσθαι· οὐ δυνη θέντες διὰ λογισμῶν ταπεινότητα πρὸς τὸ ὕψος ἀπιδεῖν τῆς ἀληθείας· ὅτι ἐνταῦθα μὲν αἱ τέχναι τῶν ὑλῶν ὕστεραι, διὰ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον τῆς χρείας παρεισαχθεῖσαι τῷ βίῳ. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔριον προϋπῆρχεν, ἡ δὲ ὑφαντικὴ ἐπεγένετο, τὸ τῆς φύσεως ἐνδέον παρ' ἑαυτῆς ἐκπληροῦσα. Καὶ τὸ μὲν ξύλον ἦν, τεκτονικὴ δὲ παραλαβοῦσα, πρὸς τὴν ἐπιζη τουμένην ἑκάστοτε χρείαν διαμορφοῦσα τὴν ὕλην, τὴν εὐχρη στίαν ἡμῖν τῶν ξύλων ὑπέδειξε, κώπην μὲν ναύταις, γεωργοῖς δὲ πτύον, ὁπλίταις δὲ δόρυ παρεχομένη. Ὁ δὲ Θεὸς, πρίν τι τῶν νῦν ὁρωμένων γενέσθαι, εἰς νοῦν βαλόμενος καὶ ὁρμήσας ἀγαγεῖν εἰς γένεσιν τὰ μὴ ὄντα, ὁμοῦ τε ἐνόησεν ὁποῖόν τινα χρὴ τὸν κόσμον εἶναι, καὶ τῷ εἴδει αὐτοῦ τὴν ἁρμόζουσαν ὕλην συναπεγέννησε. Καὶ οὐρανῷ μὲν ἀφώρισε τὴν οὐρανῷ πρέπουσαν φύσιν· τῷ δὲ τῆς γῆς σχήματι τὴν οἰκείαν αὐτῇ καὶ ὀφειλομένην οὐσίαν ὑπέβαλε. Πῦρ δὲ καὶ ὕδωρ καὶ ἀέρα διεσχημάτισέν τε ὡς ἐβούλετο, καὶ εἰς οὐσίαν ἤγαγεν ὡς ὁ ἑκάστου λόγος τῶν γινομένων ἀπῄτει. Ὅλον δὲ τὸν κόσμον ἀνομοιομερῆ τυγχάνοντα ἀρρήκτῳ τινὶ φιλίας θεσμῷ εἰς μίαν κοινωνίαν καὶ ἁρμονίαν συνέ δησεν· ὥστε καὶ τὰ πλεῖστον ἀλλήλων τῇ θέσει διεστηκότα ἡνῶσθαι δοκεῖν διὰ τῆς συμπαθείας. Παυσάσθωσαν οὖν μυθικῶν πλασμάτων, ἐν τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ τῶν οἰκείων λογισμῶν τὴν ἀκατάληπτον διανοίαις καὶ ἄφατον παντελῶς ἀνθρωπίνῃ φωνῇ δύναμιν ἐκμετροῦντες. 2.3 Ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν· οὐκ ἐξ ἡμισείας ἑκάτερον, ἀλλ' ὅλον οὐρανὸν καὶ ὅλην γῆν, αὐτὴν τὴν οὐσίαν τῷ εἴδει συνειλημμένην. Οὐχὶ γὰρ σχημάτων ἐστὶν εὑρέτης, ἀλλ' αὐτῆς τῆς φύσεως τῶν ὄντων δημιουρ γός. Ἐπεὶ ἀποκρινέσθωσαν ἡμῖν, πῶς ἀλλήλοις συνέτυχον ἥ τε δραστικὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ δύναμις, καὶ ἡ παθητικὴ φύσις τῆς ὕλης· ἡ μὲν τὸ ὑποκείμενον παρεχομένη χωρὶς μορφῆς· ὁ δὲ τῶν σχημάτων τὴν ἐπιστήμην ἔχων, ἄνευ τῆς ὕλης, ἵν' ἑκατέρῳ τὸ ἐνδέον παρὰ θατέρου γένηται· τῷ μὲν δημιουργῷ τὸ ἔχειν ὅπου τὴν τέχνην ἐνεπιδείξηται, τῇ δὲ ὕλῃ τὸ ἀποθέσθαι τὴν ἀμορφίαν καὶ τοῦ εἴδους τὴν στέρησιν. Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον. Πρὸς δὲ τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπανίωμεν. Ἡ δὲ γῆ ἦν ἀόρατος καὶ ἀκατα σκεύαστος. Εἰπὼν, Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν· πολλὰ ἀπεσιώπησεν, ὕδωρ, ἀέρα, πῦρ, τὰ ἐκ τούτων ἀπογεννώμενα πάθη· ἃ πάντα μὲν ὡς συμπλη ρωτικὰ τοῦ κόσμου συνυπέστη τῷ παντὶ δηλονότι· παρέλιπε δὲ ἡ ἱστορία, τὸν ἡμέτερον νοῦν γυμνάζουσα πρὸς ἐντρέχειαν, ἐξ ὀλίγων ἀφορμῶν παρεχομένη ἐπιλογίζεσθαι τὰ λειπόμενα. Ἐπεὶ οὖν οὐκ εἴρηται περὶ τοῦ ὕδατος ὅτι ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς, εἴρηται δὲ ὅτι ἀόρατος ἦν ἡ γῆ· σκόπει σὺ κατὰ σεαυτὸν τίνι παραπετάσματι καλυπτομένη οὐκ ἐξεφαίνετο. Οὔτε οὖν πῦρ αὐτὴν καλύπτειν ἠδύνατο. Φωτιστικὸν γὰρ καὶ κατα φάνειαν παρέχον οἷς ἂν προσγένηται μᾶλλον ἢ σκοτῶδες τὸ πῦρ. Οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἀὴρ προκάλυμμα ἦν τότε τῆς γῆς. Ἀραιὰ γὰρ καὶ διαφανὴς τοῦ ἀέρος ἡ φύσις, πάντα τὰ εἴδη τῶν ὁρατῶν δεχομένη, καὶ ταῖς τῶν ὁρώντων ὄψεσι παρα πέμπουσα. Λειπόμενον τοίνυν ἐστὶ νοεῖν ἡμᾶς ὕδωρ ἐπιπολάζειν τῇ ἐπιφανείᾳ τῆς γῆς, οὔπω πρὸς τὴν οἰκείαν λῆξιν τῆς ὑγρᾶς οὐσίας