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Thus they called Proculus the one born while his father was abroad, and Postumus the one born after his father had died, and Vopiscus the one conceived as a twin, but saved when the other was lost, and Caesar the one saved from his dead mother’s womb which was cut open, and Flaccus the one having larger ears, and Naevius the one with a birthmark, and Lucius Licinius Crassus, of which the first signifies the one born at sunrise, the second the one with curly 38 hair, and the third the one who is fleshy and well-built. For Crassus is said to be the one stout in body by nature among the more ancient Italians, and Pinarius the hungry one, and Statis the one of a good age, and Faustus and Fabius the well-disposed, and Gaius, as if Gaudius, the charming, and Tiberius the one born near the river Tiber, and Titus the one from Tatius the Sabine, and Appius the one living on the Appian way—it is a famous road, and Servius the one saved when his pregnant mother died, and Nero the one strong in the Sabine tongue, and Naso the one with a good nose, and Tuccas the meat-eater, whom the common people in our time have called Ziccas, and Varus and Blaesus the bow-legged, and Serranus the agricultural one from sowing, and Augustus the one of good omen, and Vitellius the one saffron-colored in appearance, because the Romans call the yolk of an egg vitellum, and Barron the one who is a Jew according to the Phoenicians, but brave according to the Celts. and one could collect many such things at leisure if he happened to live a carefree life with nothing to do, and to stay awake over such foolish trifles as I do, although I am entangled in countless cares. THIRD ADVANCEMENT: THE QUAESTORS 24 The testimony of the ancients confers credibility on writers. Thus Junius Gracchianus in his On Powers says in these very words about what is called a quaestor among the Romans: "they were advanced by a vote of the people. But Tullus the king after these 40 judged the office of the quaestors to be necessary, so that most of the historians have recorded such an advancement for him and him alone. and Junius and Trebatius and Fenestella said that they were so named from the investigation." and after other things: "But later the emperor's candidates for quaestor were set apart, who were occupied only with reading the imperial letters; these same men also read out the votes from the whole of the senate on behalf of those being advanced to offices." Thus Junius, and the jurist Ulpian in De Officio Quaestoris, that is On the Duty of the Quaestor, discusses the quaestor sufficiently. 25 I think it is worthwhile to inquire what a quaestor is, and what a quaesitor is; and what it means when written with a diphthong, and what with a simple vowel. a quaestor, then, is an investigator, from quaerere, meaning to seek; for those who among the Greeks are investigators were called quaestores among the Romans, but a quaesitor is an avenger; for the first is a disyllable among the Romans, but the second a trisyllable. For in the case of Minos the Cretan alone, who according to myth was thought to be an avenger of the souls in Hades, the Roman poet has set down the name quaesitor in the sixth book of the Aeneid. Whence the Romans also came to call punishments quaestiones and the ministers of penalties quaestionarii. For the quaestor is an investigator concerning money, but the one with an extension and the addition of a 42 syllable is for crimes; and each will be written with a diphthong, even if it signifies the treasurer, because revenue is called quaestus by the Romans. But when the word at the beginning does not have a diphthong but is written with a simple vowel, it signifies neither of the aforementioned things, but will show through its spelling the complainer and blasphemer, because they say queror, "I complain," with a common verb signifying at once a passion and an action, and they call complaints querimoniae and querelae. 26 But lest we should seem by chance to be sophisticating the truth with technicalities, let us learn from those who have been occupied with these matters. Gaius the jurist, then, in his work entitled Ad Legem XII Tabularum, that is, On the Law of the Twelve Tables, says these things in these very words for interpretation: "And as

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Πρόκουλον τοιγαροῦν τὸν ἀποδημοῦντι τεχθέντα τῷ πατρί, καὶ Πόστουμον τελευτήσαντι, καὶ Βώπισκον τὸν δίδυμον μὲν συλληφθέντα, τοῦ δὲ ἑτέρου φθαρέντος σῳζόμενον, καὶ Καίσαρα τὸν ἀνατμηθείσης τῆς μητρῴας γαστρὸς θανούσης ἀποσωθέντα ἐκάλουν, καὶ Φλάκκον τὸν ὦτα μείζονα ἔχοντα, καὶ Ναίβιον τὸν ἀλφώδη, καὶ Λούκιον Λικίνιον Κράσσον, ὧν τὸ μὲν πρῶτον τὸν ἀνίσχοντος ἡλίου τεχθέντα, τὸ δὲ δεύτερον τὸν ἀκρόουλον τὴν 38 κόμην, τὸ δὲ τρίτον τὸν κρεώδη καὶ εὐσώματον διασημαίνει. Κράσσος γὰρ ὁ παχὺς τὸ σῶμα κατὰ φύσιν παρ' Ἰταλοῖς τοῖς ἀρχαιοτέροις εἴρηται, Πεινάριος δὲ ὁ πεινῶν, καὶ Στάτις ὁ εὐῆλιξ, καὶ Φαῦστος καὶ Φάβιος ὁ εὔνους, καὶ Γάϊος, οἷον εἰ Γαύδιος, ὁ χαρίεις, καὶ Τιβέριος ὁ παρὰ Τίβεριν τὸν ποταμὸν τεχθείς, καὶ Τίτος ὁ ἀπὸ Τατίου τοῦ Σαβίνου, καὶ Ἄππιος ὁ ἐν Ἀππίᾳ οἰκῶνὁδὸς δέ ἐστιν ἐπίσημος, καὶ Σέρβιος ὁ θανούσης αὐτῷ τῆς μητρὸς ἐγκύμονος διασωθείς, καὶ Νέρων ὁ ἰσχυρὸς τῇ Σαβίνων φωνῇ, καὶ Νάσων ὁ εὔρινος, καὶ Τούκκας ὁ κρεωβόρος, ὃν οἱ ἰδιῶται Ζικκᾶν ἐκάλεσαν καθ' ἡμᾶς, καὶ Βᾶρος καὶ Βλαῖσος ὁ πλαγιόσκελος, καὶ Σερρανὸς ὁ γεωργικὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ σπείρειν, καὶ Αὔγουστος ὁ καλοιώνιστος, καὶ Βιτέλλιος ὁ κροκοειδὴς τὴν ὄψιν ὅτι βίτελλον οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὴν λέκιθον τοῦ ᾠοῦ ἐπικαλοῦσιν, καὶ Βάρρων ὁ κατὰ μὲν Φοίνικας Ἰουδαῖος, κατὰ δὲ Κελτοὺς ἀνδρεῖος. καὶ πολλὰ ἄν τις τοιαῦτα συνάγοι κατὰ σχολὴν εἰ τυχὸν αὐτὸν οὐκ ἔχοντα ὅ τι πράττοι ἀφρόντιδα συμβαίνοι διαβιοῦν καὶ τοιούτοις ὁποίοις ἐγὼ καίπερ μυρίαις συμπεπλεγμένος φροντίσιν ἐναγρυπνῶ μωραίνοντα ἀθύρμασιν. ΤΡΊΤΗ ΠΡΟΑΓΩΓῊ ΟἹ ΚΥΑΊΣΤΩΡΕΣ 24 Τὸ πιστὸν τοῖς γράφουσιν ἡ τῶν ἀρχαίων ἐπιτίθησι μαρτυρία. Ἰούνιος τοίνυν Γρακχιανὸς ἐν τῷ Περὶ Ἐξουσιῶν αὐτοῖς ῥήμασι περὶ τοῦ καλουμένου παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις κυαίστωρος· «προεχωρήσαντο ψήφῳ τοῦ δήμου. Τοῦλλος δὲ ὁ ῥὴξ μετὰ τούτους 40 ἀναγκαίαν εἶναι τὴν τῶν κυαιστώρων ἀρχὴν ἔκρινεν, ὡς τοὺς πλείους τῶν ἱστορικῶν αὐτῷ τὴν τοιαύτην προαγωγὴν ἀναγράψαι καὶ μόνῳ. ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ζητήσεως οὕτως ὀνομασθῆναι αὐτοὺς Ἰούνιος καὶ Τρεβάτιος καὶ Φενεστέλλας εἶπον.» καὶ μεθ' ἕτερα· «πλὴν ὕστερον ἐξῃρέθησαν οἱ κανδιδᾶτοι τοῦ βασιλέως κυαίστωρες οἳ πρὸς ἀνάγνωσιν τῶν βασιλικῶν γραμμάτων καὶ μόνην ἐσχόλαζον· οἱ δὲ αὐτοὶ καὶ ψήφους ἀπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῆς βουλῆς ἀνεγίνωσκον ὑπὲρ τῶν εἰς ἀξιώματα προαγομένων.» ταῦτα μὲν ὁ Ἰούνιος, ὁ νομικὸς δὲ Οὐλπιανὸς ἐν τῷ De Officio Quaestoris, ἀντὶ τοῦ Περὶ τῆς τοῦ Κυαίστωρος Τάξεως, περὶ κυαίστωρος ἀποχρώντως διαλέγεται. 25 Ζητῆσαι δὲ ἀξιόλογον εἶναι νομίζω τί μέν ἐστι κυαίστωρ, τί δὲ κυαισίτωρ· καὶ τί μὲν σημαίνει διὰ τῆς διφθόγγου γραφόμενον, τί δὲ ψιλῆς. κυαίστωρ τοίνυν ὁ ζητητὴς ἀπὸ τοῦ quaerere, οἷον ἐρευνᾶν· οἱ γὰρ παρ' Ἕλλησιν ἐρευνάδες παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις κυαίστωρες ὠνομάσθησαν, κυαισίτωρ δὲ ὁ τιμωρός· τὸ μὲν γὰρ πρῶτόν ἐστι παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις δισύλλαβον, τὸ δὲ τρισύλλαβον. ἐπὶ γὰρ τοῦ μόνου Μίνωος τοῦ Κρητός, ὃς γενέσθαι τιμωρὸς κατὰ τὸ μυθικὸν τῶν ἐν Ἅιδου ψυχῶν ἐνομίσθη, τὸ κυαισίτωρος ὄνομα ὁ Ῥωμαίων ποιητὴς ἐν ἕκτῳ τῆς Αἰνηΐδος τέθεικεν. ὅθεν καὶ κυαιστίωνας τὰς τιμωρίας καὶ κυαιστιωναρίους τοὺς τῶν ποινῶν ὑπηρέτας Ῥωμαῖοι ἔγνωσαν καλεῖν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ κυαίστωρ ζητητής ἐστιν ἐπὶ χρήμασιν, ὁ δὲ κατ' ἐπέκτασιν καὶ συλλαβῆς προσθή 42 κην ἐπ' ἐγκλήμασιν· ἑκάτερον δὲ διὰ τῆς διφθόγγου γραφήσεται, κἂν εἰ τὸν ταμίαν διασημαίνει, ὅτι κυαίστους ὁ πόρος παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις καλεῖται. ὅτε δὲ μὴ δίφθογγος ᾖ ἐν προοιμίοις ἡ λέξις ἀλλὰ ψιλῇ γράφεται, οὐδέτερον μὲν τῶν εἰρημένων σημαίνει, τὸν δὲ μεμψίμοιρον καὶ βλάσφημον διὰ τῆς γραφῆς ἐπιδείξει, ὅτι queror «μέμφομαι» ῥήματι κοινῷ πάθος ἅμα καὶ ἐνέργει παραδηλοῦντι λέγουσιν, καὶ κυεριμωνίας καὶ κυερήλας τὰς μέμψεις. 26 Ὅπως δὲ μὴ τυχὸν τεχνολογίαις τἀληθὲς δόξωμεν σοφίζεσθαι, πρὸς τῶν περὶ ταῦτα ἠσχολημένων μάθωμεν. Γάϊος τοίνυν ὁ νομικὸς ἐν τῷ ἐπιγραφομένῳ παρ' αὐτοῦ Ad Legem XII Tabularum, οἷον Εἰς τὸν Νόμον τοῦ ∆υοκαιδεκαδέλτου, αὐτοῖς ῥήμασι πρὸς ἑρμηνείαν ταῦτά φησιν· «ὡς δὲ