John Chrysostom, On John

persuades us to journey above creation. What then? Having led us up to such a height, was he able at least to make us stand there? By no means; but just as if someone, when he has led a person standing by the seashore and seeing cities, and shores, and harbors, into the middle of the sea, he has removed him from the former things, yet has not fixed his eye anywhere, but has led his vision into the infinite; so also the evangelist, having led us above all creation, and having sent us on to the ages above it, leaves our vision suspended, not allowing it to grasp any end upwards, since there is none. For the word, having gone up to a beginning, seeks what sort of beginning. Then finding the "Was," always outstripping his thought, it has nowhere to rest his reasoning, but gazing intently and being able to stop nowhere, exhausted it returns again to the things below. For, "In the beginning was," is nothing other than indicative of being always, and being infinitely. Have you seen true philosophy and divine doctrines, not like those of the Greeks, who set times, and say that some gods are older, and some younger? But there is nothing of the sort among us. For if He is God 59.35, as indeed He is, there is nothing before Him; if He is Creator of all things, He is first; if He is Master and Lord of all things, all things are after Him, both creations and ages. I wished to enter into other contests as well; but perhaps our mind has grown weary. Therefore, having exhorted those things which are useful to you both for the things which have been said, and for the hearing of the things which will be said, I will be silent again. What then are these things? I know that many have grown dizzy at the length of what has been said. And this happens, when the soul is weighed down by many worldly burdens. For just as the eye, when it is clear and bright, is sharp-sighted, and would not easily grow weary perceiving even the finest bodies, but when, with some bad humor having flowed down from the head, or sooty smoke having risen from below, a thick cloud comes before the pupil, it does not allow it to see clearly not even the thicker things; so also it is natural for it to happen in the case of the soul. For when it happens to be purified, and has no troubling passion, it gazes intently at those things at which it ought to gaze; but when, having been clouded by many passions, it has lost its own excellence, it is not easily able to suffice for any of the high things, but quickly grows weary and gives up, and having inclined to sleep and sloth, it dismisses the things that concern virtue and the life that comes from it, and does not receive them with much eagerness. 5. In order that you may not suffer this (for I will not cease always exhorting these things), strengthen your mind, so that you may not hear the same things, as the faithful of the Hebrews did from Paul. For to them also he said the word had become long, and hard to interpret, not because it was such by nature, but because, he says, you have become dull of hearing. For the weak and sick person is naturally troubled by brevity as by lengthiness, and considers the clear and the easily-resolved things to be hard to understand. But let no one here be like that; but having driven away all worldly care, let him thus hear these doctrines. For when the desire for money possesses the hearer, the desire for hearing could not likewise possess him, since the soul, being one, is not sufficient for many desires, but the one harms the other, and being divided becomes weaker, while the other prevails and expends everything on itself. This is accustomed to happen in the case of children also. For when someone has only one, he loves the one with excess; but when he becomes the father of many children, his affection, being divided, also becomes weaker. But if this happens where there is a natural tyranny and power, and the things loved are kindred; what might we say about the desire and disposition which is according to choice, and especially when these loves are opposed to one another? For the love of money is opposite to the love of such a hearing. We are going into heaven when we enter here. I do not say in place, but in disposition; for it is possible while being on earth to stand in heaven, and to imagine the things there, and the things from there

κτίσεως ὁδοιπορεῖν ἀναπείθει. Τί οὖν; ἆρα πρὸς τοσοῦτον ἀναγαγὼν ὕψος, ἐνταῦθα γοῦν ἡμᾶς στῆσαι ἴσχυσεν; Οὐδαμῶς· ἀλλ' ὥσπερ εἴ τις τὸν ἑστῶτα παρ' αἰγιαλὸν, καὶ βλέποντα πόλεις, καὶ ἀκτὰς, καὶ λιμένας, ἐπειδὰν εἰς μέσον ἀγάγῃ πελάγους, τῶν μὲν προτέρων ἀπέστησεν, οὐ μὴν ἔστησέ που τὸ ὄμμα αὐτῷ, ἀλλ' εἰς ἄπειρον ἤγαγε θεωρίαν· οὕτω καὶ ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς πάσης ἡμᾶς ἀνωτέρω τῆς κτίσεως ἀγαγὼν, καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνωτέρω ταύτης παραπέμψας αἰῶνας, μετέωρον τὸ ὄμμα ἀφίησιν, οὐ διδοὺς ἐπιλαβέσθαι τινὸς τέλους εἰς τὸ ἄνω, ἐπειδὴ μηδέ ἐστιν. Ἀνελθὼν γὰρ εἰς ἀρχὴν ὁ λόγος, ζητεῖ ποίαν ἀρχήν· εἶτα τὸ Ἦν εὑρίσκων, ἀεὶ φθάνων αὐτοῦ τὴν διάνοιαν, οὐκ ἔχει ποῦ στῆσαι τὸν λογισμὸν, ἀλλ' ἀτενὲς ἐνορῶν καὶ μηδαμοῦ λῆξαι δυνάμενος, ἀποκαμὼν ὑποστρέφει πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰ κάτω. Τὸ γὰρ, Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν, οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστιν, ἀλλ' ἢ τοῦ εἶναι ἀεὶ δηλωτικὸν, καὶ ἀπείρως εἶναι. Εἶδες φιλοσοφίαν ἀληθῆ καὶ δόγματα θεῖα, οὐχ οἷα τῶν Ἑλλήνων, χρόνους τιθέντων, καὶ τοὺς μὲν πρεσβυτέρους, τοὺς δὲ νεωτέρους εἶναι λεγόντων θεούς; Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον παρ' ἡμῖν. Εἰ γὰρ Θεὸς 59.35 ἔστιν, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ἔστιν, οὐδὲν πρὸ αὐτοῦ· εἰ ∆ημιουργὸς πάντων, πρῶτος αὐτός· εἰ ∆εσπότης καὶ Κύριος ἁπάντων, πάντα μετ' αὐτὸν, καὶ κτίσματα καὶ αἰῶνες. Ἐβουλόμην καὶ εἰς ἀγῶνας καθιέναι ἑτέρους· ἀλλ' ἴσως ἀπέκαμεν ἡμῖν ἡ διάνοια. ∆ιὸ παραινέσας ἐκεῖνα, ἅπερ ἐστὶν ὑμῖν καὶ πρὸς τὴν τῶν εἰρημένων, καὶ πρὸς τὴν τῶν λεχθησομένων ἀκρόασιν χρήσιμα, πάλιν σιγήσομαι. Τίνα δὴ οὖν ταῦτά ἐστιν; Οἶδα πολλοὺς ἰλιγγιάσαντας πρὸς τὸ τῶν λεχθέντων μῆκος. Τοῦτο δὲ γίνεται, ὅταν ἡ ψυχὴ πολλοῖς φορτίοις βαρύνηται βιωτικοῖς. Καθάπερ γὰρ τὸ ὄμμα, ὅταν μὲν καθαρὸν ᾖ καὶ διαυγὲς, ὀξυδερκές τέ ἐστι, καὶ οὐκ ἂν ἀποκάμοι ῥᾳδίως καὶ τὰ λεπτότατα σώματα καταμανθάνον, ἐπειδὰν δὲ χυμοῦ τινος ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἐπιῤῥεύσαντος πονηροῦ, ἢ κάτωθεν λιγνύος καπνώδους ἀνενεχθείσης, πυκνή τις πρὸ τῆς κόρης γένηται νεφέλη, οὐδὲν οὐδὲ τῶν παχυτέρων σαφῶς ἀφίησι συνιδεῖν· οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ψυχῆς γίνεσθαι πέφυκεν. Ὅταν μὲν γὰρ ἐκκεκαθαρμένη τυγχάνῃ, καὶ μηδὲν ἔχῃ πάθος ἐνοχλοῦν, ἀτενὲς ἐνορᾷ πρὸς ἅπερ ἐνορᾷν χρή· ὅταν δὲ πολλοῖς ἐπιθολωθεῖσα πάθεσιν, ἀπολέσῃ τὴν ἑαυτῆς ἀρετὴν, πρὸς οὐδὲν τῶν ὑψηλῶν ἀρκέσαι δύναται ῥᾳδίως, ἀλλὰ ἀποκάμνει ταχέως καὶ ἀναπίπτει, καὶ πρὸς ὕπνον ἀποκλίνασα καὶ ῥᾳθυμίαν, τὰ πρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ ζωὴν τὴν ἐκ ταύτης αὐτῇ διαφέροντα παραπέμπεται, καὶ οὐ προσίεται μετὰ προθυμίας πολλῆς. εʹ. Ὅπερ ἵνα μὴ καὶ ὑμεῖς πάθητε (οὐ γὰρ παύσομαι ταῦτα ἀεὶ παραινῶν), ἐπιῤῥώσατε ὑμῶν τὴν διάνοιαν, ἵνα μὴ τὰ αὐτὰ ἀκούσητε, ἅπερ οἱ πιστοὶ τῶν Ἑβραίων παρὰ Παύλου. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνοις πολὺν ἔφησε τὸν λόγον γεγενῆσθαι, καὶ δυσερμήνευτον, οὐκ ἐπειδὴ φύσει τοιοῦτος ἦν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ, φησὶν, ὑμεῖς Νωθροὶ γεγόνατε ταῖς ἀκοαῖς. Ὁ γὰρ ἀσθενὴς καὶ ἄῤῥωστος, καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς βραχυλογίας ὡς ὑπὸ μακρηγορίας παρενοχλεῖσθαι πέφυκε, καὶ τὰ σαφῆ καὶ τὰ εὐδιάλυτα δυσκατάληπτα εἶναι νομίζει. Ἀλλὰ μηδεὶς ἔστω ἐνταῦθα τοιοῦτος· ἀλλὰ πᾶσαν ἀπελάσας φροντίδα βιωτικὴν, οὕτω τούτων ἀκουέτω τῶν δογμάτων. Ὅταν γὰρ ἐπιθυμία χρημάτων κατέχῃ τὸν ἀκροατὴν, οὐκ ἂν δύναιτο καὶ ἐπιθυμία κατασχεῖν ἀκροάσεως ὁμοίως, ἐπειδὴ μηδὲ ἀρκεῖ πολλαῖς ἐπιθυμίαις μία τυγχάνουσα ἡ ψυχὴ, ἀλλ' ἡ ἑτέρα τῇ ἑτέρᾳ λυμαίνεται, καὶ σχιζομένη ἀσθενεστέρα γίνεται, ἐπικρατούσης τῆς ἑτέρας καὶ τὸ πᾶν εἰς ἑαυτὴν δαπανώσης. Τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ παίδων συμβαίνειν εἴωθεν. Ὅταν μὲν γὰρ ἕνα τις ἔχῃ μόνον, μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς ἀγαπᾷ τὸν ἕνα· ὅταν δὲ πολλῶν γένηται παίδων πατὴρ, καὶ τὰ τῆς διαθέσεως διαιρεθέντα ἀσθενέστερα γίνεται. Εἰ δὲ ἔνθα φυσικὴ τυραννὶς καὶ δύναμις, καὶ συγγενῆ τὰ φιλούμενα, τοῦτο συμβαίνει· τί ἂν εἴποιμεν ἐπὶ τῆς κατὰ προαίρεσιν ἐπιθυμίας καὶ διαθέσεως, καὶ μάλιστα ὅταν οἱ ἔρωτες οὗτοι ἀπ' ἐναντίας ἀλλήλοις διακέωνται; Ἐναντίον γὰρ χρημάτων ἔρως ἔρωτι τοιαύτης ἀκροάσεως. Εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν εἴσιμεν εἰσιόντες ἐνθάδε. Οὐ τῷ τόπῳ λέγω, ἀλλὰ τῇ διαθέσει· ἔνεστι γὰρ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς ὄντα ἑστάναι ἐν οὐρανῷ, καὶ τὰ ἐκεῖ φαντάζεσθαι, καὶ τὰ ἐκεῖθεν