History

 And what i have accurately ascertained from those who saw it, these things i will also commit to writing. 2. just now in the month of november, of the

 He commanded that the triremes and the other transport ships should all be brought to anchor in a good harbor, and that they should control the sea, a

 War. therefore, having gone around and seen that it was by nature difficult to enter and hard to approach for on the one side it had the sea as a saf

 They would be frustrated. and having gone out of the camp, and having overrun a part of the country, when he learned from those who had been taken ali

 It was easy to attack by assault, being raised to the greatest possible height, and girded with two trenches dug to a corresponding depth), and the de

 Having divided his phalanx into three parts by night, he went against the scythians, and falling upon them suddenly, in a brief moment of time he wrou

 Meet them, when i give the signal with the trumpets. such was the exhortation that the general delivered and the army shouted 22 and applauded, and w

 6. but nikephoros phokas, the colleague of the aforementioned leo (for it is necessary, having summarized the account, to proceed with the history in

 The general, having seen this, spurred his horse, quickened his pace, rode in and restrained the soldiers' onslaught, persuading them not to kill the

 Having drawn up an irresistible battle-line, went through the land of the hagarenes. to them, having heard of the attack of nikephoros, it did not see

 Was dignified by his rank), was hostilely disposed towards nicephorus. 11. he decided, therefore, to attempt a revolution at once but not having at h

 , to proclaim him supreme commander, and to entrust the forces of asia to him, so that he might defend and check the assault of the foreigners. for th

 He said, if you are persuaded to take up the rule of the east, i shall quickly declare you emperor, and restore you to the imperial thrones. speak wel

 For he was gently nursing his little body), then, recovering again, he said, “speak, most brave one, what need is there to consider this?” but he said

 I have assumed the imperial office, but compelled by the necessity of you, the army, and you yourselves bear witness for me that i was both shunning s

 Before the report of his proclamation could fly abroad, to seize in advance the straits and passages of the sea. for thus he thought that matters woul

 Numbering over three thousand, attacked the house of joseph and his collaborators along with the people. and having subjected these to plunder and pil

 Especially the monks), they did not allow the man to persist in what he had decided, but urged him both to embrace marriage and not to shun meat-eatin

 Makes it flood in a single hour) emboldened by these things, the barbarians mocked the emperor and insolently hurled insults at him, and making sorti

 Having fallen upon it, accomplishing nothing noble or vigorous. and he considered the matter an outright disgrace and insult, and an indelible reproac

 Having come to the region around tarsus, there he encamped and having pitched a palisade round about, he ordered the crops and the meadows, luxuriant

 Having recovered the standards, which, crafted from gold and stones, the tarsians had captured in various battles while routing the roman force, and h

 Of the spectacle, turned to flight and ran back to their own houses. and from the pushing and disorderly rush, no little slaughter occurred, with very

 To blow favorably upon them, but blowing against them strongly and fiercely, it has sunk their affairs. but the account will now clearly reveal these

 To those acting against the divine ordinance, if somehow at least in this way people, being afraid, would abstain from evil deeds, and would cling to

 He had taken a fortress, and having crossed mount lebanon transversely, he turned his attention to tripoli, which he saw was fortified and exceptional

 Being obliged to drive them away, and to guard the flocks from harm, they, in addition to not driving them away, themselves cut them down and tear the

 Having come, and having been befriended by the ruler of the tauroi, and having corrupted him with gifts and bewitched him with persuasive words (for t

 Reconciliation and friendship might be secured. the mysians gladly received the embassy, and putting daughters of the royal blood 80 on wagons (for it

 They might do. but as they were already considering rushing to their defense, and to stoutly resist the enemy in close combat, as dawn was brightly br

 Boasting to all about his brave deeds in wars. 6. having approached the emperor with these words and, 85 as was likely, having bewitched him (for he s

 Having lowered from above, one by one they first pulled up all the conspirators, and then john himself. having come up, therefore, beyond all human su

 The vengeance for these things, and to those who were slipping he seemed relentless and burdensome, and oppressive to those wishing to lead an indiffe

 At the end of the month of december, during the thirteenth indiction of the six thousand four hundred and seventy-eighth year, a throng of select men,

 Having captured him, confines him to amaseia. having therefore from this secured sufficient safety for himself and for his affairs, and having purged

 To make amends for what nikephoros had improperly introduced. for nikephoros, whether wishing to correct divine matters that were being disturbed by s

 And having found him not very accurately versed in secular education, but most diligently trained in divine and our own, he anoints him patriarch of a

 The bosporus, but to pass by moesia, which belongs to the romans, and has from of old been a part of macedonia. for it is said that the moesians, bein

 To make replies. for we trust in christ, the immortal god, that if you do not depart from this land, you will be driven from it by us even against you

 A disgrace by the raids of the scythians to send out bilingual men dressed in scythian attire into the homesteads and customs of the enemy, so that t

 The romans on the one hand shouted for joy, and were strengthened for valor but the scythians, growing cowardly at the new and strange nature of the

 2. the emperor, when he learned of such a revolt, was disturbed, as was likely, and having brought up bishop stephen from abydos with wingless speed,

 He saw that murders along with the ensuing conspirators were proceeding harshly and inhumanely, he decided to no longer delay or be slothful, so that

 Considering into what fortunes the unholy and blood-guilty john has enclosed my family, having mercilessly slain the emperor and my uncle, who was his

 Eye, and to learn that these things were red, just as they had been from of old. phocas, considering this prodigy a second evil omen, and seeing also

 Immediately, lest it be some ill-omened thing, and destruction befall the pursuing mysians but learning they were fleeing at full speed, he both purs

 The russian minds were lifted up in audacity and boldness. therefore, the emperor, not enduring their overweening arrogance and their blatant insolenc

 Being given out, and going under the earth by the inscrutable wisdom of the creator and again from the 130 celtic mountains gushing up, and winding t

 Should set a phalanx against us, things will not end well for us, but in dreadful perplexity and helplessness. therefore, having strengthened your spi

 Is called drista) lingering with his whole force. but in this way kalokyres escaped, and night coming on stopped the romans from battle. and just on t

 And they killed up to one hundred and fifty vigorous men. but the emperor, learning of such an event, quickly mounted his horse and urged his follower

 But the rest of the multitude he bound in fetters and shut up in prisons. he himself, having gathered the entire host of the tauro-scythians, numberin

 1. and just as day was dawning, the emperor fortified the camp with a strong palisade in this manner. a certain low hill of dorystolon rises at a dist

 He was courting them with gifts and toasts, encouraging them to proceed vigorously to the wars. 3. while these matters were in suspense, and the battl

 He flees to a divine and great sanctuary, seen as a pitiful supplicant instead of a haughty and boastful tyrant. whom the men of the drungarius dragge

 Having drowned. for it is said that, being possessed by greek 150 orgies, they perform sacrifices and libations for the dead in the greek manner, havi

 On the next day (it was the sixth day of the week, and the twenty-fourth day of the month of july), when the sun was setting, the tauro-scythians, hav

 Was being concluded. 10. but the romans, following the divine man who went before, 155 engage with the enemy, and a fierce battle having commenced, th

 With purity. at any rate, having conferred a few things about a truce with the emperor, seated beside the rowing-bench of the skiff, he departed. but

 Was crossed over. this is the greatest of the rivers cutting through asia, 161 and one of those that flow from eden, as we have learned from the divin

 The emperor, as one who abused the power of his leadership for certain powerful men, and did not direct the affairs of the church as was established b

 Having assembled forces, and having meticulously armed them, departing from the reigning city, he advanced through palestine, a prosperous land, flowi

 The mainland is enclosed by strongholds, stretching upon a certain steep hill on the other side it is surrounded by the sea, putting forth a well-hav

 Before until fire-bearing ships were secretly sent out from byzantium by those in power. which bardas parsakoutenos the magistros was leading, and ha

 I would have been destroyed, if some divine providence had not led me out of that very danger, which caused me to ride out with speed, before the ravi

 Furthermore, the star rising in the west at the setting of the morning star, which, making its risings in the evening, kept no fixed position at one c

 Of the city, but already becoming feeble, and suffering from a deep and intractable panting. and having just come to the royal hearth, he was shown to

6. But Nikephoros Phokas, the colleague of the aforementioned Leo (for it is necessary, having summarized the account, to proceed with the history in order), when he had approached the land of the Cretans, he wintered there, and he both trained the army in the arts of war, and constructed the siege engines, since everything had proceeded for him according to his plan, as spring was just gently emerging from the winter solstice, having armed the army around him and drawn it up into a deep phalanx, and having sounded the trumpets and beaten the drums, he marched against the city. And while the general was strengthening the squadron at the front, and was drawing up the forces into a square formation, a courtesan woman, both pretending coyness and being wanton, who was exceedingly rash and shameless, leaning out from the battlements, was performing some sorceries and incantations. For it is said that the Cretans are possessed by divinations and buffooneries and deceptions, having received them from the Manichaeans and from Mohammed from the beginning. But not only in this way did that rash, shameless, and licentious woman make a display; but also, having pulled up her tunic beyond what is modest and exposing the parts of her body, she mocked the general, cursing him. And indeed one of the well-aiming archers, having drawn his bowstring tight, shoots the licentious woman, and brought her down from the towers, cast to the ground, instantly burst apart, and breathing out her wretched soul, and drawing upon herself a miserable destruction as punishment for her insolence. And as the fierce battle was just then fanned into flame, for a certain time the Cretans held out, fighting ardently from the walls, and wounding many of the Romans. 7. But the general, observing this, quickly brought up the missile engines, and ordered them to shoot at the barbarians. And in addition to these he brought the helepolis close to the walls; the Romans call this device a ram, because the iron is fashioned in the likeness of a ram's head, which, being fitted to the beam, strikes the structure of the city. And as the stone-throwers were letting loose frequent volleys of stones, the barbarians were easily repulsed; and as the ram was brought near the walls and was striking them powerfully, many men, having gone down into the trench, carrying stone-cutting tools, and beginning to dig from there, were gently hollowing it out, and were cutting through the stone, where the base of the wall was supported. And by chance the stone in this part, being sandy, yielded and gave way most readily. But the ram, striking, did not let up on the fortification, and little by little tore apart the structure, which was precisely compacted and hard to pull apart. And when those assigned to this task had made the foundations, where they were digging, overhanging and hollow, as was likely, they propped them up with upright timbers, and having piled up flammable and dry wood and setting fire to it, they withdrew from the tunnel. And when the flame had been kindled and the supports had been turned to charcoal, two towers, together with the structure of the wall between them, suddenly broke away, and they settled, and slipped down, and were brought down to the ground. But the Cretans, amazed at the strange sight, for a short time broke off the battle, struck with terror at the monstrous event. Then again, considering the danger of captivity and slavery, they gathered into an unbreakable line of battle, and through the collapsed walls they received the advancing Roman phalanx most stoutly, and they fought furiously, their lives being at stake. And when many had just been slain, since they were not able to stand against so irresistible a tide (for the forces behind pressed on, and the crush was unbearable), they turn to flight, going through the narrow streets; But the Romans, pursuing them, slew them mercilessly. And those who were left and as many as the war had not yet managed to mow down, throwing down their weapons, turned to supplication. which the

ϛʹ. Νικηφόρος δὲ ὁ Φωκᾶς, ὁ τοῦ ῥηθέντος Λέοντος σύναιμος (δεῖ γὰρ ἀνακεφαλαιωσάμενοι τὸν λόγον καθ' εἱρμὸν πρόσω τῆς ἱστορίας χωρεῖν), ὡς τῇ τῶν Κρητῶν πελάσας ἐκεῖ διεχείμαζε, καὶ τόν τε στρατὸν τὰ πολεμικὰ διεγύμναζε, καὶ τὰς ἑλεπόλεις ἐτεκταίνετο, ἐπείπερ κατὰ νοῦν αὐτῷ πάντα προὐκεχωρήκει, ἄρτι τοῦ ἦρος ἐκ τῆς χειμερινῆς τροπῆς ἠρέμα προκύπτοντος, τὸν περὶ αὑτὸν καθοπλίσας στρατὸν καὶ εἰς βαθεῖαν παραταξάμενος φάλαγγα, τάς τε σάλπιγγας ἐπαυλήσας καὶ τὰ τύμπανα παταγήσας κατὰ τοῦ ἄστεος ἤλαυνεν. ἐν ᾧ δὲ ὁ στρατηγὸς τὴν ἴλην κατὰ μέτωπον ἐκρατύνετο, καὶ εἰς πλαίσιον τὰς δυνάμεις συνέταττε, γύναιον ἑταιρικὸν, ἀκκιζόμενόν τε καὶ θρυπτόμενον, ἰταμὸν ἐπιεικῶς τυγχάνον καὶ ἀναιδὲς, τῶν προμαχεώνων προκύπτον, γοητείας ἐποιεῖτό τινας καὶ ἐπῳδάς. λέγεται γὰρ κατόχους εἶναι Κρῆτας μαντείαις καὶ βωμολοχίαις καὶ πλάναις, πρὸς τῶν Μανιχαίων καὶ τοῦ Μωάμεθ παρειληφότας ἀνέ 25 καθεν. οὐ ταύτῃ δὲ μόνον τὸ ἰταμὸν ἐκεῖνο γύναιον τὸ ἀναιδὲς καὶ ἀκόλαστον ἐπεδείκνυτο· ἀλλὰ καὶ, τὸν χιτωνίσκον παρὰ τὸ μέτριον ἀνασεσυρκὸς καὶ ἀπογυμνοῦν τὰ μέρη τοῦ σώματος, ἐς τὸν στρατηγὸν ἐπέσκωπτεν ἐπαρώμενον. καὶ δή τις τῶν εὐστόχων τοξοτῶν, τὴν νευρὰν ἐντεινάμενος, βάλλει τὸ ἀκόλαστον γύναιον, καὶ χαμαιῤῥιφὲς τῶν πύργων κατήνεγκε, διαῤῥαγὲν αὐτίκα, καὶ τὸ ψυχίδιον ἀποφυσῆσαν, καὶ τίσιν τῆς ὕβρεως τὸν οἰκτρὸν ἐπισπασάμενον ὄλεθρον. ἄρτι δὲ τῆς μάχης καρτερᾶς ἀναῤῥιπισθείσης, χρόνον μέν τινα ἀντεῖχον οἱ Κρῆτες, ἐκ τῶν τειχῶν ἐκθύμως ἀγωνιζόμενοι, καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν Ῥωμαίων τιτρώσκοντες. ζʹ. Ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς, τοῦτο καταμαθὼν, τὰς ἀφετηρίους θᾶττον παρήγαγε μηχανὰς, καὶ βάλλειν τοὺς βαρβάρους ἐκέλευε. καὶ πρὸς τούτοις τοῖς τείχεσι προσεπέλασε τὴν ἑλέπολιν· κριὸν Ῥωμαῖοι τὸ τεχνούργημα ὀνομάζουσι, τῷ δίκην κριοῦ προτομῆς τὸν σίδηρον ἀπεικάζεσθαι, ὃς ἐνηρμοσμένος ὢν τῇ δοκῷ παίει τὸν δόμον τοῦ ἄστεος. τῶν δὲ πετροβόλων βάρη θαμινὰ τῶν λίθων ἐπαφιέντων, εὐπετῶς οἱ βάρβαροι ἀνεστέλλοντο· καὶ τοῦ κριοῦ τοῖς τείχεσιν ἐγχριμφθέντος καὶ κραταιῶς ταῦτα τύπτοντος, ἄνδρες ὑποδύντες τὴν ταφρείαν συχνοὶ, λιθοτόμα ὄργανα φέροντες, καὶ ἀνορύττειν ἐκεῖθεν ἀρξάμενοι, ἐξεκόλαπτον ἠρέμα, καὶ τὴν λίθον διέκοπτον, ἵνα τοῦ τείχους ἡ βάσις ἠρήρειστο. παρὰ τυχὸν δὲ ψαμμῶδες ταύτῃ τὸ μέρος ἡ λίθος λαχοῦσα ὑπεῖκέ τε καὶ ἐνεδίδου ὡς μάλιστα. ὁ δὲ κριὸς τύπτων οὐκ ἀνίη τὸ ἔρυμα, καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν διασπῶν τὴν οἰκοδομίαν, ἐς τὸ ἀκριβὲς 26 συμπεπιλημένην οὖσαν καὶ δυσαπόσπαστον. ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ γεῖσα, ᾗπερ διώρυττον οἱ ἐπὶ τοῦτο ταχθέντες, ἐκκρεμῆ καὶ ὑπόκενα, ὡς τὸ εἰκὸς, ἐξειργάσαντο, ὀρθοστάδην ξύλοις ὑπήρειδον, ὕλην τε ταχυδᾳῆ καὶ αὖον συννήσαντες καὶ πῦρ ἐνιέντες, τῆς διώρυχος ὑπεξῄεσαν. τῆς δὲ φλογὸς ἀναφθείσης καὶ τῶν στηριγμάτων ἀνθρακωθέντων, δύο πύργοι ὁμοῦ τῷ διαμέσῳ τούτων δομήματι τοῦ τείχους ἐξαπιναίως ἀποῤῥαγέντες, ὑφίζανόν τε, καὶ ὑπωλίσθαινον, καὶ πρὸς τοὔδαφος κατεφέροντο. οἱ δὲ Κρῆτες, τῷ καινῷ τοῦ ὁράματος θαμβηθέντες, ἐπ' ὀλίγον χρόνον τὴν μάχην ἐξέκλιναν, τῷ τεραστίῳ καταπλαγέντες τοῦ πράγματος. εἶτ' αὖθις τὸν τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας καὶ δουλείας ὑπολογισάμενοι κίνδυνον, εἰς ἀῤῥαγῆ παράταξιν συνηθροίζοντο, καὶ διὰ τῶν κατεριπωθέντων τειχῶν τὴν Ῥωμαϊκὴν διαβαίνουσαν φάλαγγα ἐῤῥωμενέστατα ὑπεδέχοντο, δαιμονίως τε διηγωνίζοντο, περὶ ψυχὴν κινδυνεύοντες. ἄρτι δὲ πολλῶν ἀναιρεθέντων, ἐπεὶ πρὸς τοσαύτην ἀνανταγώνιστον ῥοπὴν οὐχ οἷοί τε ἦσαν ἀντικαθίστασθαι (ἐπέβρισαν γὰρ αἱ δυνάμεις κατόπιν, καὶ ὠθισμὸς ἀνυπόστατος ἦν), εἰς φυγὴν τρέπονται, χωροῦντες διὰ τῶν στενωπῶν· Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ ἐφεπόμενοι τούτους ἀνῄρουν ἀνηλεῶς. οἱ δὲ περιλειφθέντες καὶ ὅσους οὐκ ἔφθη ἐκθερίζειν ὁ πόλεμος, τὰ ὅπλα ῥίψαντες εἰς ἱκετείαν ἐτράποντο. ὅπερ ὁ