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to this day the hands of Phidias. Let us come, therefore, to the writings of the philosophers and poets. Some of the Stoics deny that there is a god at all, or, if there is, they say that god cares for nothing except himself. And this, indeed, the folly of Epicurus and Chrysippus has completely declared. But others say that all things are by chance, and that the world is uncreated and nature eternal, and on the whole they have dared to say that there is no providence of God, but they say that God is only the conscience of each person. Still others maintain that the spirit which has pervaded all things is God. But Plato and those of his school confess that God is uncreated and the father and maker of all things; then they suppose that God and matter are uncreated and say that the latter has flourished together with God. But if God is uncreated and matter is uncreated, God is no longer the maker of all things according to the Platonists, nor indeed is the monarchy of God shown, as far as they are concerned. And further, just as God, being uncreated, is also unchangeable, so, if matter were also uncreated, it would also be unchangeable and equal to God; for what is created is mutable and changeable, but what is uncreated is immutable and unchangeable. For what is great, if God made the world out of pre-existing matter? For a human artisan too, whenever he takes matter from someone, makes out of it as much as he wishes. But the power of God is manifested in this, that He makes out of things that are not whatever He wishes, just as also to give soul and motion belongs to no other but to God alone. For a man indeed makes an image, but he is not able to give reason and breath or sensation to what has been made by him. But God possesses this more than he, the ability to make a thing rational, ensouled, and sentient. Therefore, just as in all these things God is more powerful than man, so also is He in making and having made existing things out of non-existing things, both as many as He wishes and as He wishes. So the opinion among the philosophers and writers is discordant. For with these men having declared these things, the poet Homer is found introducing with another hypothesis the generation not only of the world but also of the gods. For he says somewhere: Oceanus, the genesis of gods, and mother Tethys, from whom indeed are all rivers and every sea. Saying these things he no longer presents a god. For who does not know that Oceanus is water? And if it is water, then it is not a god. But God, if He is the maker of all things, as indeed He is, is therefore also the creator of the water and of the seas. And Hesiod himself also spoke not only of the generation of gods, but also of the world itself. And having said the world was created, he was unable to say by whom it was made. Furthermore, he also spoke of the gods Cronus and his son Zeus, and Poseidon and Pluto, and we find these to be later than the world. And further, he relates that Cronus was warred against by Zeus his own child. For thus he says: By strength he conquered his father Cronus; and well did he distribute to each of the immortals their due and declared their honors.

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ἕως τοῦ δεῦρο τὰς χεῖρας Φειδίου. Ἔλθωμεν τοίνυν ἐπὶ τὰ συγγράμματα τῶν φιλοσόφων καὶ ποιητῶν. Ἔνιοι μὲν τῆς στοᾶς ἀρνοῦνται καὶ τὸ ἐξ ὅλου θεὸν εἶναι, ἤ, εἰ καί ἐστιν, μηδενός φασιν φροντίζειν τὸν θεὸν πλὴν ἑαυτοῦ. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν παντελῶς Ἐπικούρου καὶ Χρυσίππου ἡ ἄνοια ἀπεφήνατο. ἕτεροι δέ φασιν αὐτοματισμὸν τῶν πάντων εἶναι, καὶ τὸν κόσμον ἀγένητον καὶ φύσιν ἀΐδιον, καὶ τὸ σύνολον πρόνοιαν μὴ εἶναι θεοῦ ἐτόλμησαν ἐξειπεῖν, ἀλλὰ θεὸν εἶναι μόνον φασὶν τὴν ἑκάστου συνείδησιν. ἄλλοι δ' αὖ τὸ δι' ὅλου κεχωρηκὸς πνεῦμα θεὸν δογματίζουσιν. Πλάτων δὲ καὶ οἱ τῆς αἱρέσεως αὐτοῦ θεὸν μὲν ὁμολογοῦσιν ἀγένητον καὶ πατέρα καὶ ποιητὴν τῶν ὅλων εἶναι· εἶτα ὑποτίθενται θεὸν καὶ ὕλην ἀγένητον καὶ ταύτην φασὶν συνηκμακέναι τῷ θεῷ. εἰ δὲ θεὸς ἀγένητος καὶ ὕλη ἀγένητος, οὐκ ἔτι ὁ θεὸς ποιητὴς τῶν ὅλων ἐστὶν κατὰ τοὺς Πλατωνικούς, οὐδὲ μὴν μοναρχία θεοῦ δείκνυται, ὅσον τὸ κατ' αὐτούς. ἔτι δὲ καὶ ὥσπερ ὁ θεός, ἀγένητος ὤν, καὶ ἀναλλοίωτός ἐστιν, οὕτως, εἰ καὶ ἡ ὕλη ἀγένητος ἦν, καὶ ἀναλλοίωτος καὶ ἰσόθεος ἦν· τὸ γὰρ γενητὸν τρεπτὸν καὶ ἀλλοιωτόν, τὸ δὲ ἀγένητον ἄτρεπτον καὶ ἀναλλοίωτον. Τί δὲ μέγα, εἰ ὁ θεὸς ἐξ ὑποκειμένης ὕλης ἐποίει τὸν κόσμον; καὶ γὰρ τεχνίτης ἄνθρωπος, ἐπὰν ὕλην λάβῃ ἀπό τινος, ἐξ αὐτῆς ὅσα βούλεται ποιεῖ. θεοῦ δὲ ἡ δύναμις ἐν τούτῳ φανεροῦται ἵνα ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων ποιῇ ὅσα βούλεται, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ ψυχὴν δοῦναι καὶ κίνησιν οὐχ ἑτέρου τινός ἐστιν ἀλλ' ἢ μόνου θεοῦ. καὶ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος εἰκόνα μὲν ποιεῖ, λόγον δὲ καὶ πνοὴν ἢ αἴσθησιν οὐ δύναται δοῦναι τῷ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ γενομένῳ. θεὸς δὲ τούτου πλεῖον τοῦτο κέκτηται, τὸ ποιεῖν λογικόν, ἔμπνουν, αἰσθητικόν. ὥσπερ οὖν ἐν τούτοις πᾶσιν δυνατώ- τερός ἐστιν ὁ θεὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, οὕτως καὶ τὸ ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων ποιεῖν καὶ πεποιηκέναι τὰ ὄντα, καὶ ὅσα βούλεται καὶ ὡς βούλεται. Ὥστε ἀσύμφωνός ἐστιν ἡ γνώμη κατὰ τοὺς φιλοσόφους καὶ συγγράφεις. τούτων γὰρ ταῦτα ἀποφηναμένων, εὑρίσκεται ὁ ποιη- τὴς Ὅμηρος ἑτέρᾳ ὑποθέσει εἰσάγων γένεσιν οὐ μόνον κόσμου ἀλλὰ καὶ θεῶν. φησὶν γάρ που· Ὠκεανόν τε, θεῶν γένεσιν, καὶ μητέρα Τηθύν, ἐξ οὗ δὴ πάντες ποταμοὶ καὶ πᾶσα θάλασσα. ἃ δὴ λέγων οὐκ ἔτι θεὸν συνιστᾷ. τίς γὰρ οὐκ ἐπίσταται τὸν Ὠκεανὸν ὕδωρ εἶναι; εἰ δὲ ὕδωρ, οὐκ ἄρα θεός. ὁ δὲ θεός, εἰ τῶν ὅλων ποιητής ἐστιν, καθὼς καὶ ἔστιν, ἄρα καὶ τοῦ ὕδατος καὶ τῶν θαλασσῶν κτίστης ἐστίν. Ἡσίοδος δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς οὐ μόνον θεῶν γένεσιν ἐξεῖπεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ κόσμου. καὶ τὸν μὲν κόσμον γενητὸν εἰπὼν ἠτόνησεν εἰπεῖν ὑφ' οὗ γέγονεν. ἔτι μὴν καὶ θεοὺς ἔφησεν Κρόνον καὶ τὸν ἐξ αὐτοῦ ∆ία, Ποσειδῶνά τε καὶ Πλούτωνα, καὶ τούτους μεταγενεσ- τέρους εὑρίσκομεν τοῦ κόσμου. ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὸν Κρόνον πολεμεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ ∆ιὸς τοῦ ἰδίου παιδὸς ἱστορεῖ. οὕτως γάρ φησιν· Κάρτεϊ νικήσας πατέρα Κρόνον· εὖ δὲ ἕκαστα ἀθανάτοις διέταξεν ὅμως καὶ ἐπέφραδε τιμάς.