8. Read the sacred Scriptures, and you will find ‘spirit’ used of the meaning which is in the divine words, as Paul writes: ‘Who also made us sufficient ministers of a new covenant, not of letter but of spirit; for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life.’ For that which is expressed is inscribed by letter, but the meaning which is in it is called spirit. Thus too, ‘the law is spiritual’; so that, as he says again, we may serve not ‘in oldness of letter’ but ‘in newness of spirit’. The same writer says, when giving thanks: ‘So then I myself with the mind serve the law of God, but with the flesh the law of sin. There is therefore now no condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus. For the law of the spirit of life in Christ Jesus made me free from the law of sin.’ Philip, desiring to turn the Ethiopian from the letter to the spirit, said: ‘Understandest thou what thou readest?’ Such a spirit Caleb is, in Numbers, declared to have had, when God says: ‘But my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit in him and he followed me, him will I bring into the land whereunto he went.’ For he pleased God, because he spoke with a different mind from the rest. Such a heart God enjoined his people to keep, when he said through Ezekiel: ‘Make yourselves a new heart and a new spirit.’ In view of these facts, and as we have demonstrated so great a difference between spirits, you would have done better, upon hearing of ‘created spirit’, had you thought of one of the foregoing. Such a spirit was that of which it is written in Isaiah: ‘Syria is confederate with Ephraim, and his heart was moved and the heart of his people, as in a forest a tree is shaken by the wind.’ Such too was the spirit which the Lord ‘aroused upon the sea’, because of Jonah. For the spirits of the wind do follow the thunder, as with the rain that fell against Ahab, when it is written: ‘And it came to pass in a little while that the heavens grew black with clouds and wind.’

Ἐντυγχάνοντες δὲ καὶ ὑμεῖς ταῖς ἁγίαις Γραφαῖς, εὑρήσετε λεγόμενον πνεῦμα καὶ τὸν ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς θείοις λόγοις νοῦν, γράφοντος τοῦ Παύλου· «Ὃς καὶ ἱκάνωσεν ἡμᾶς διακόνους Καινῆς ∆ιαθήκης, οὐ γράμματος, ἀλλὰ πνεύματος. Τὸ γὰρ γράμμα ἀποκτείνει, τὸ δὲ πνεῦμα ζωοποιεῖ.» Τὸ μὲν γὰρ ῥητὸν γράμματι κεχάρακται· ὁ δὲ νοῦς ὁ ἐν αὐτῷ πνεῦμα λέγεται. Οὕτως καὶ «ὁ νόμος πνευματικός ἐστιν,» ἵν' ὡς πάλιν εἴρηκε, μὴ δουλεύωμεν ἐν παλαιότητι γράμματος, ἀλλ' ἐν καινότητι πνεύματος. Καὶ αὐτὸς μὲν εὐχαριστῶν ἔλεγεν· «Ἄρα οὖν αὐτὸς ἐγὼ τῷ μὲν νοῒ δουλεύω νόμῳ Θεοῦ, τῇ δὲ σαρκὶ νόμῳ ἁμαρτίας· οὐδὲν νῦν ἄρα κατάκριμα τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ. Ὁ γὰρ νόμος τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆςἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠλευθέρωσέ με ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου τῆς ἁμαρτίας·» ὁ δὲ Φίλιππος, τὸν εὐνοῦχον ἀπὸ τοῦ γράμματος εἰς τὸ πνεῦμα θέλων ἐπιστρέφειν, ἔλεγεν· «Ἆρά γεγινώσκεις ἃ ἀναγινώσκεις;» τοιοῦ τον ἐσχηκὼς μαρτυρεῖται καὶ ὁ Χάλεβ ἐν τοῖς Ἀριθμοῖς, τοῦ Θεοῦ λέγοντος· «Ὁ δὲ παῖς μου Χάλεβ, ὅτι ἐγενήθη ἕτερον πνεῦμα ἐν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἐπηκολούθησέ μοι εἰσάξω αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν γῆν εἰς ἣν εἰσῆλθεν ἐκεῖ» Ἄλλῃ γὰρ διανοίᾳ παρὰ τὴν ἐκείνων αὐτὸς λαλήσας, εὐάρεστος τῷ Θεῷ γέγονε. Τοιαύτην ἔχειν προέτρεψεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν λαὸν καρδίαν διὰ Ἰεζε κιὴλ λέγων· «Ποιήσατε ἑαυτοῖς καρδίαν καινὴν καὶ πνεῦμα καινόν.» Τούτων τοίνυν οὕτως ὄντων, καὶ τοσαύτης διαφορᾶς περὶ τῶν πνευμάτων δεικνυμένης, βελτίους ἂν ἦτε, εἰ, περὶ κτιζομένου πνεύματος ἀκούοντες, περὶ ἑνὸς τῶν προειρημένων ἐφρονεῖτε, οἷον ἦν περὶ οὗ ἐν Ἡσαΐᾳ γέγραπται· «Συνεφώνησεν Ἀρὰμ πρὸς τὸν Ἐφραῒμ, καὶ ἐξέστη ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὃν τρόπον ἐν δρυμῷ ξύλον ὑπὸ πνεύματος σαλευθῇ.» Τοιοῦτον δὲ ἦν καὶ, «Ὃ ἐξήγειρε Κύριος πνεῦμα ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν» διὰ τὸν Ἰωνᾶν. Ἀκολουθεῖ γὰρ τῇ βροντῇ καὶ τὰ τῶν ἀνέμων πνεύματα, ὡς ἐπὶ τοῦ ὑετοῦ τοῦ κατὰ τὸν Ἀχαὰβ, ὡς γέγραπται· «Καὶ ἐγένετο ὧδε, καὶ ἕως ὧδε, καὶ ὁ οὐρανὸς συνεσκότασε νεφέλαις καὶ πνεύματι.»