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having been separated. And from this, not only was the earth invisible, but also unformed. For the excess of moisture even now is an impediment to the earth's fruitfulness. Therefore, the same cause, both of its not being seen, and of its being unformed; since the adornment of the earth is its own and natural order: waving cornfields in the hollows, green meadows teeming with various flowers, flourishing valleys, and mountain peaks shaded with forests; of which it had none as yet; being in labor with the generation of all things through the power placed in it by the Creator, but awaiting the proper times, so that by the divine command it might bring forth its offspring into the open. 2.4 But also darkness, it says, was upon the abyss. Again, other starting-points for myths, and origins of more impious fictions, for those who twist the words to their own suppositions. For they do not explain darkness according to its nature—as some unilluminated air, or a place shadowed by the obstruction of a body, or in general, a place deprived of light for any reason whatsoever—but they explain darkness as an evil power, or rather as evil itself, having its origin from itself, opposed and contrary to the goodness of God. For if God is light, he says, it is clear that the power warring against him would be darkness, according to the logic of their thought. Darkness, not having its being from another, but a self-generated evil. Darkness, an enemy of souls, a producer of death, the opposite of virtue; and they are deceived into thinking that the very words of the prophet indicate that this subsists and was not created by God. Indeed, from this, what evil and godless doctrines have not been fabricated? What grievous wolves, tearing apart the flock of God, have not, taking their start from this small utterance, spread among souls? From here did not the Marcionites come? And the Valentinians? And the abominable heresy of the Manichaeans, which if someone were to call it a gangrene of the Churches, he would not miss the mark? Why do you run far from the truth, O man, devising for yourself occasions for destruction? The account is simple, and easy for all to grasp. The earth was invisible, it says. What is the reason? Because an abyss was covering it. And what is the concept of 'abyss'? A great body of water whose lower limit is hard to reach. But we know that many bodies are often seen even through thinner and transparent water. How then was no part of the earth visible through the waters? Because the air poured out over it was still without light and darkened. For a ray of the sun, passing through water, often reveals the pebbles in the deep; but in the deep of night one could in no way see the things under the water. So then, what establishes the earth's being invisible is the added statement, that both the abyss was covering it, and this abyss was darkened. Therefore, neither is the abyss a multitude of opposing powers, as some have imagined; nor is darkness some original and evil power set up against the good. For two opposing principles of equal strength will certainly be destructive of each other's constitution; and will perpetually have and cause troubles without ceasing, being bound to each other in war. And if one of the opposites surpasses the other in power, it becomes completely destructive of the one overcome. So that if they say the opposition of evil to good is of equal weight, they introduce unceasing war and continuous destruction, with each side conquering and being conquered in turn. But if the good is superior in power, what is the reason that the nature of evil has not been completely annihilated? But if, which is not lawful to say, I wonder how they do not flee from themselves, being carried away to such unholy blasphemies. Nor indeed is it pious to say that evil has its origin from God, because nothing contrary comes from its contrary. For neither does life beget death, nor is darkness the beginning of light, nor is sickness the creator of health, but in changes of states, the transitions are from contraries to contraries; but in generations, not from contraries, but from

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ἀποκριθείσης. Ἐκ δὲ τούτου οὐ μόνον ἀόρατος ἦν ἡ γῆ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστος. Ἡ γὰρ τοῦ ὑγροῦ πλεονεξία ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἐμπόδιόν ἐστι πρὸς καρπογονίαν τῇ γῇ. Ἡ οὖν αὐτὴ αἰτία, καὶ τοῦ μὴ ὁρᾶσθαι, καὶ τοῦ ἀκατασκεύαστον εἶναι· εἴπερ κατασκευὴ γῆς, ὁ οἰκεῖος αὐτῇ καὶ κατὰ φύσιν κόσμος, λήϊα μὲν ταῖς κοι λότησιν ἐγκυμαίνοντα, λειμῶνες χλοάζοντες καὶ ποικίλοις ἄνθεσι βρύοντες, νάπαι εὐθαλεῖς, καὶ ὀρῶν κορυφαὶ ταῖς ὕλαις κατάσκιοι· ὧν οὐδὲν εἶχεν οὐδέπω· ὠδίνουσα μὲν τὴν πάντων γένεσιν διὰ τὴν ἐναποτεθεῖσαν αὐτῇ παρὰ τοῦ δημιουργοῦ δύναμιν, ἀναμένουσα δὲ τοὺς καθήκοντας χρόνους, ἵνα τῷ θείῳ κελεύσματι προαγάγῃ ἑαυτῆς εἰς φανερὸν τὰ κυήματα. 2.4 Ἀλλὰ καὶ σκότος, φησὶν, ἐπάνω τῆς ἀβύσσου· Πάλιν ἄλλαι μύθων ἀφορμαὶ, καὶ πλασμάτων δυσσεβεστέρων ἀρχαὶ πρὸς τὰς ἰδίας ὑπονοίας παρατρεπόντων τὰ ῥήματα. Τὸ γὰρ σκότος οὐχ ὡς πέφυκεν ἐξηγοῦνται ἀέρα τινὰ ἀφώτιστον, ἢ τόπον ἐξ ἀντιφράξεως σώματος σκιαζόμενον, ἢ ὅλως καθ' ὁποιανοῦν αἰτίαν τόπον φωτὸς ἐστερημένον, ἀλλὰ δύναμιν κακὴν, μᾶλλον δὲ αὐτὸ τὸ κακὸν, παρ' ἑαυτοῦ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχον, ἀντικείμενον καὶ ἐναντίον τῇ ἀγαθότητι τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐξηγοῦνται τὸ σκότος. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς φῶς ἐστι, δηλονότι ἡ ἀντιστρατευομένη αὐτῷ δύναμις σκότος ἂν εἴη, φησὶ, κατὰ τὸ τῆς διανοίας ἀκόλουθον. Σκότος, οὐ παρ' ἑτέρου τὸ εἶναι ἔχον, ἀλλὰ κακὸν αὐτογέννητον. Σκότος, πολέμιον ψυχῶν, θανάτου ποιητικὸν, ἀρετῆς ἐναντίωσις· ὅπερ καὶ ὑφεστάναι, καὶ μὴ παρὰ Θεοῦ γεγενῆσθαι, ὑπ' αὐτῶν μηνύεσθαι τῶν τοῦ προφήτου λόγων ἐξαπατῶνται. Ἐκ δὴ τούτου τί οὐχὶ συνεπλάσθη τῶν πονηρῶν καὶ ἀθέων δογμάτων; Ποῖοι λύκοι βαρεῖς διασπῶντες τὸ ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ, οὐχὶ ἀπὸ τῆς μικρᾶς ταύτης φωνῆς τὴν ἀρχὴν λαβόντες ἐπεπόλασαν ταῖς ψυχαῖς; Οὐχὶ Μαρκιῶνες; οὐχὶ Οὐαλεντῖνοι ἐντεῦθεν; οὐχ ἡ βδελυκτὴ τῶν Μανιχαίων αἵρεσις, ἣν σηπεδόνα τις τῶν Ἐκκλησιῶν προσειπὼν οὐχ ἁμαρτήσεται τοῦ προσήκοντος; Τί μακρὰν ἀποτρέχεις τῆς ἀληθείας, ἄνθρωπε, ἀφορμὰς σεαυτῷ τῆς ἀπωλείας ἐπι νοῶν; Ἁπλοῦς ὁ λόγος, καὶ πᾶσιν εὔληπτος. Ἀόρατος ἦν ἡ γῆ, φησί. Τίς ἡ αἰτία; Ἐπειδὴ ἄβυσσον εἶχεν ἐπιπολά ζουσαν ἑαυτῇ. Ἀβύσσου δὲ ἔννοια τίς; Ὕδωρ πολὺ δυσέφικτον ἔχον ἑαυτοῦ τὸ πέρας ἐπὶ τὸ κάτω. Ἀλλ' ἔγνωμεν πολλὰ τῶν σωμάτων καὶ δι' ὕδατος λεπτοτέρου καὶ διαυγοῦς πολλάκις διαφαινόμενα. Πῶς οὖν οὐδὲν μέρος τῆς γῆς διὰ τῶν ὑδάτων ἐδείκνυτο; Ὅτι ἀλαμπὴς ἔτι καὶ ἐσκοτισ μένος ἦν ὁ ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ κεχυμένος ἀήρ. Ἀκτὶς μὲν γὰρ ἡλίου δι' ὑδάτων διικνουμένη, δείκνυσι πολλάκις τὰς ἐν τῷ βάθει ψηφῖδας· ἐν νυκτὶ δέ τις βαθείᾳ οὐδενὶ ἂν τρόπῳ τὰ ὑπὸ τὸ ὕδωρ κατίδοι. Ὥστε τοῦ ἀόρατον εἶναι τὴν γῆν κατασκευαστικόν ἐστι τὸ ἐπαγόμενον, ὅτι καὶ ἄβυσσος ἦν ἡ ἐπέχουσα, καὶ αὕτη ἐσκοτισμένη. Οὔτε οὖν ἄβυσσος, δυνάμεων πλῆθος ἀντικειμένων, ὥς τινες ἐφαντάσθησαν· οὔτε σκότος, ἀρχική τις καὶ πονηρὰ δύναμις ἀντεξαγομένη τῷ ἀγαθῷ. ∆ύο γὰρ ἐξισάζοντα ἀλλήλοις κατ' ἐναντίωσιν, φθαρτικὰ ἔσται πάντως τῆς ἀλλήλων συστάσεως· καὶ πράγματα ἕξει διηνεκῶς καὶ παρέξει ἀπαύστως πρὸς ἄλληλα συνεχόμενα τῷ πολέμῳ. Κἂν ὑπερβάλλῃ δυνάμει τῶν ἀντικειμένων τὸ ἕτερον, δαπανητικὸν ἐξάπαντος τοῦ κρατηθέντος γίνεται. Ὥστε εἰ μὲν ἰσόρροπον λέγουσι τοῦ κακοῦ τὴν πρὸς τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐναντίωσιν, ἄπαυστον εἰσάγουσι πόλεμον καὶ διηνεκῆ τὴν φθορὰν, κρατούντων ἐν μέρει καὶ κρατουμένων. Εἰ δὲ ὑπερέχει δυνάμει τὸ ἀγαθὸν, τίς ἡ αἰτία τοῦ τὴν φύσιν τοῦ κακοῦ μὴ παντελῶς ἀνῃρῆσθαι; Εἰ δὲ, ὃ μὴ θέμις εἰπεῖν, θαυμάζω πῶς οὐχὶ φεύγουσιν αὐτοὶ ἑαυτοὺς πρὸς οὕτως ἀθεμίτους βλασφημίας ὑποφερόμενοι. Οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ παρὰ Θεοῦ τὸ κακὸν τὴν γένεσιν ἔχειν εὐσεβές ἐστι λέγειν, διὰ τὸ μηδὲν τῶν ἐναντίων παρὰ τοῦ ἐναντίου γίνεσθαι. Οὔτε γὰρ ἡ ζωὴ θάνατον γεννᾷ, οὔτε τὸ σκότος φωτός ἐστιν ἀρχὴ, οὔτε ἡ νόσος ὑγείας δημιουργὸς, ἀλλ' ἐν μὲν ταῖς μεταβολαῖς τῶν διαθέσεων ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων πρὸς τὰ ἐναντία αἱ μεταστάσεις· ἐν δὲ ταῖς γενέσεσιν, οὐκ ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων, ἀλλ' ἐκ