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were said in a time of peace, but when some terrible and raging wave was overwhelming the church from the insurrection of the many, and at the same time, because it seemed to him that he excelled in piety, he gave his compositions to the fire not as sayings of the fathers, but as his own writing. And next, after this, the writing of the old great logothete, which was of a similar nature, and to others who attempted to write and merely to remember the doctrines they brought blame, they would consign the volumes to the fire. From this they did not absolve even Patriarch John from accusations, but rather subjected him more to charges of heresy, because by feasting on the true sayings of the fathers, he was in danger of giving, as was likely, handles to his accusers, and contrary to what was likely, by delving into the meanings of the sayings, he was rashly daring in matters beyond human understanding; for things concerning God are naturally to be held and honored more in silence than to be established and demonstrated with words.

(9) He, then, regarding the Spirit being said by the fathers to proceed from the Father through the Son, in the theology of the Spirit, not only taking this, that an addition had been dared even by our fathers on this very incomprehensible procession of the Spirit from the Father, by which, perhaps, he might have moderately healed the addition of the Italians, if he had so wished, but also by giving it over to 28 examinations and by searching into things beyond understanding with human thoughts, he unwittingly surrounded himself with unbearable accusations. But it is not amiss to speak and to clarify what happened, and entangled in what scriptures he was held by charges that were not good, even if he alone, with no one else daring to cooperate, dared to attempt to measure the boundless sea of theology with a small boat, the human mind, being buoyed, as he thought, by his zeal for peace as if by some float, trusting in posterity, as he said, even if those present did not approve of the enterprise. He, then, going through the holy scriptures more carefully, learned from many saying it many times that the Holy Spirit is poured forth, shines out, is supplied, proceeds from the Father through the Son, but that it also proceeds he found said first by the great Maximus, and secondly also by the most theological Damascene, on which points he also clearly perceived the great Tarasius, with the entire seventh council, theologizing in the confession of faith to the eastern patriarchs. Having found, then, Niketas of Maroneia and chartophylax, and later also president of Thessalonica, and in addition to him Nikephoros Blemmydes using the writings for a supposed defense of the Italians, and Photios himself saying that Ambrose and Augustine and a third, Jerome, so theologized 29 about the Spirit with the addition, but that they both wrote and spoke the addition as Romans in every way and not as Greeks, he condemned this solution as being excessively weak, as if it were sufficient for the same and one father now to be magnified as a Greek and now to be indicted for heresy as a Roman, and he knew Jerome and Augustine, the one as having been educated under Damasus and a contemporary of the great Basil, and as great, and Augustine of Hippo as having been deemed worthy of blessed memory and praised at the sixth council, and the third, Ambrose, as also being magnified among us in the church. Therefore, for Photios to speak thus about them and to make such a declaration he did not judge to be wise, nor otherwise just and strong, but having paid attention to their books and having experienced something human, being ambitious, if he too might join them in their opinion, even if no one else approved of the enterprise, fearing a discreditable report hanging from this, he pursues the scriptures more laboriously and collected the little sayings inserted into their treatises from the complete works of the saints. And now he found Athanasius saying, "But it was impossible for the Spirit to be known in the order of the Trinity without proceeding from God through the Son, but

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καιρῷ εἰρήνης ἐλέχθησαν, ἀλλ' ὅτε δεινόν τι κῦμα καὶ τετριγὸς κατεστρόβει τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἐκ τῆς τῶν πολλῶν ἀνεγέρσεως, ἅμα δὲ καὶ τῷ δοκεῖν περιεῖναί οἱ τῆς εὐσεβείας, οὐχ ὡς ῥητὰ πατέρων ἐδίδου τὰ συνταχθέντα πυρί, ἀλλ' ὡς ἴδιον σύγγραμμα. καθεξῆς δ' ἐπὶ τούτῳ καὶ τὸ τοῦ παλαιοῦ μεγάλου λογοθέτου σύγγραμμα, ὁμοίως κἀκεῖνο ἔχον, καὶ ἄλλοις οἷς γράφειν ἐπῄει καὶ μόνον μεμνῆσθαι δογμάτων ἐπά γοντες μῶμον, πυρὶ παρεδίδουν τοὺς τόμους. Ἐντεῦθεν οὐδὲ τὸν πατριαρχεύσαντα Ἰωάννην αἰτιῶν ἠφίουν, ἀλλὰ καὶ μᾶλλον ἐκεῖνον αἰτίαις ὑπῆγον αἱρέσεως, ὅτι καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς πατέρων ταῖς ἀληθείαις ῥητοῖς λιχνευσάμενος ἀντι λαβὰς διδόναι τοῖς αἰτιωμένοις ὡς εἰκὸς ἐκινδύνευε, καὶ παρὰ τὸ εἰκὸς ταῖς ἐννοίαις τῶν ῥητῶν ἐμβαθύνων ἐπὶ τοῖς ὑπὲρ νοῦν ἀν θρωπίναις διανοίαις παρατολμᾶν· τὰ γὰρ περὶ θεοῦ σιωπῇ μᾶλ λον ἔχειν τε καὶ τιμᾶν ἢ λόγοις συνιστᾶν καὶ δεικνύειν πέφυκεν.

(9) ἐκεῖνος τοίνυν τὸ ἐκ πατρὸς δι' υἱοῦ τὸ πνεῦμα παρὰ τῶν πατέρων λεγόμενον ἐκπορεύεσθαι ἐπὶ τῇ θεολογίᾳ τοῦ πνεύματος, μὴ τοῦτο μόνον λαμβάνων ὅτι πρόσθεσις καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἡμετέροις πατράσι τετόλμηται ἐπ' αὐτῇ δὴ ταύτῃ τῇ ἀνεννοήτῳ ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορεύσει τοῦ πνεύματος, ἐφ' ᾧ γε τὴν προσθήκην τῶν Ἰτα λῶν ἰᾶσθαι μετρίως ἴσως, εἴπερ ἐβούλετο, ἀλλὰ καὶ διδοὺς ἐξε 28 τάσεσι καὶ τὰ ὑπὲρ νοῦν ἐρευνῶν ἀνθρωπίνοις νοήμασιν ἔλαθεν οὐκ οἰσταῖς αἰτίαις περιβαλὼν ἑαυτόν. οὐ χεῖρον δ' εἰπεῖν καὶ διασαφῆσαι τό γε ξυμβεβηκός, καὶ τίσι περιπαρεὶς τῶν γραφῶν οὐ καλαῖς ταῖς αἰτίαις ξυνείχετο, κἂν μόνος ἐκεῖνος, μηδενὸς ἄλλου συμπράττειν τολμῶντος, θεολογίας ἄπειρον πέλαγος μι κρῷ τινὶ ἀκατίῳ, ἀνθρωπίνῳ νοΐ, παραμετρεῖν ἐτόλμα πειρᾶ σθαι, τῷ ὑπὲρ τῆς εἰρήνης ζήλῳ ὥσπερ τινὶ φώσσωνι, ὡς ἐκεῖ νος ᾤετο, κουφιζόμενος, πιστεύων τοῖς ὀψιγόνοις, ὡς ἔλεγε, κἂν οἱ παρόντες οὐκ ἀπεδέχοντο τὸ ἐγχείρημα. ἐκεῖνος τοίνυν τὰς τῶν ἁγίων γραφὰς ἐπιμελέστερον διερχόμενος, τὸ μὲν ἐκ πα τρὸς δι' υἱοῦ προχεῖσθαι ἐκλάμπειν χορηγεῖσθαι προϊέναι τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον πολλῶν καὶ πολλάκις λεγόντων ἐμάνθανε, τὸ δὲ καὶ ἐκπορεύεσθαι πρώτως μὲν παρὰ τῷ μεγάλῳ Μαξίμῳ ῥη θὲν εὕρισκε, δευτέρως δὲ καὶ παρὰ τῷ θεολογικωτάτῳ ∆αμασκηνῷ, ἐφ' οἷς καὶ τὸν μέγαν Ταράσιον σὺν ἑβδόμῃ πάσῃ συνό δῳ, ἐπὶ ὁμολογίᾳ τῆς πίστεως πρὸς τοὺς ἀνατολικοὺς πατριάρ χας, ἀριδήλως κατενόει θεολογοῦντας. εὑρὼν γοῦν τὸν τοῦ Μαρωνείας Νικήταν καὶ χαρτοφύλακα, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ Θεσσα λονίκης πρόεδρον, καὶ ἐπὶ τούτῳ καὶ τὸν Βλεμμίδην Νικηφόρον γραφαῖς συγχρησαμένους εἰς τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἰταλῶν ὡς δῆθεν ἀπολογίαν, καὶ Φώτιον αὐτὸν λέγοντα ὡς καὶ Ἀμβρόσιός τε καὶ Αὐγουστῖνος καὶ τρίτος Ἱερώνυμος οὕτω μετὰ προσθήκης ἐθεο 29 λόγουν περὶ τοῦ πνεύματος, ἀλλ' ὡς Ῥωμαῖοι πάντως καὶ οὐχ ὡς Γραικοὶ ἔγραφόν τε καὶ ἔλεγον τὴν προσθήκην, τῆς μὲν λύ σεως τούτου καὶ λίαν ὡς ἀσθενοῦς κατεγίνωσκεν, ὥσπερ ἂν ἦν ἱκανὸν τὸν αὐτὸν καὶ ἕνα πατέρα νῦν μὲν ὡς Γραικὸν μεγαλύνειν νῦν δ' ὡς Ῥωμαῖον αἱρέσεως γράφεσθαι, Ἱερώνυμον δὲ καὶ Αὐγουστῖνον τὸν μὲν ὑπὸ ∆αμάσῳ παιδευθέντα καὶ σύγχρονον Βα σιλείου τοῦ πάνυ καὶ μέγαν ἐγνώριζεν, Αὐγουστῖνον δὲ τὸν Ἱπ πῶνος καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἕκτης συνόδου μακαρίας μνήμης ἠξιωμένον καὶ εὐφημούμενον, τὸν δὲ τρίτον Ἀμβρόσιον καὶ παρ' ἡμῖν ἐπὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας μεγαλυνόμενον. τὸ γοῦν τὸν Φώτιον οὕτω λέγειν περὶ ἐκείνων καὶ ἀποφαίνεσθαι οὐκ ἔκρινε συνετὸν καὶ ἄλλως δίκαιόν τε καὶ ἰσχυρόν, ἐκείνων δὲ ταῖς βίβλοις προσσχὼν καί τι παθὼν ἀνθρώπινον, φιλοτιμησάμενος, εἴ γε καὶ αὐτὸς σφίσι τῆς γνώ μης συνάροιτο, εἰ καὶ οὐδεὶς ἄλλος προσαπεδέχετο τὸ ἐγχείρημα, βάξιν παρηρτημένην ἐντεῦθεν οὐκ ἐπαινετὴν δεδιώς, μέτεισί τε φιλοπονώτερον τὰς γραφὰς καὶ τὰ παρεγγεγραμμένα τοῖς λόγοις ἐκείνων ῥησείδια ἐξ ὅλων λόγων τῶν ἁγίων συνέλεγε. καὶ νῦν μὲν εὕρισκεν Ἀθανάσιον λέγοντα "ἦν δὲ ἀδύνατον ἐν τῇ τῆς τρίαδος τάξει τὸ πνεῦμα γινώσκεσθαι μὴ προοδικῶς ὂν ἐκ θεοῦ δι' υἱοῦ, ἀλλὰ