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we advise nothing at all. But to expect to know anything of divine matters accurately from it, we completely forbid; for it is not possible to be taught anything certain about God from it. "For God made it foolish," not by making it such Himself (for how could He darken the light?), but by exposing it as being foolish, not when compared to His own, perish the thought; for if someone were to say this, he would also say that the law given through Moses was abolished and made foolish when grace was revealed (p. 90); but if not this one (for it is from God), in this way at any rate the wisdom of the Greeks was made foolish, inasmuch as it is not from God; and everything that is not from God, is not real being; for this reason the wisdom of the Greeks is falsely so-called. For the mind that discovered it, insofar as it is mind, is from God; but this, having fallen away from its proper end of the knowledge of God, one might more justly call a fall from wisdom and a debased wisdom—or to say the same thing, a foolish wisdom—than call it wisdom. Wherefore the Apostle also said that it is made foolish not as being compared, but as seeking the things of this age and not knowing the pre-eternal God nor wishing to know Him; for having said, "Where is the disputer of this age?", he immediately added that "God made foolish the wisdom of this world," that is, by appearing, He revealed it as having fallen from true knowledge and as not being wisdom, but only being called so. But if it were wisdom, how could it have become foolishness, and that by God and by His own wisdom being revealed on earth? For according to the great Dionysius, good is not opposed to good, nor the lesser to the greater; and I would say that intelligible things are not at all blunted by each other, and I would add that each even receives an increase of its own beauty by the appearance of the greater. What then might one say, when the very beauty-making power itself has appeared? For neither would one say that the "second lights," I mean the supramundane natures, are rendered useless by the first light shining upon them; nor has that which is much inferior to these, but is nevertheless light, I mean our rational and intellectual faculty, become darkness when the divine light appeared, and this, "to enlighten every man coming into the world." But he who opposes this, (p. 92) whether angel or man, as having willingly deprived himself of the light, being abandoned, has been revealed as darkness.

Thus, therefore, that wisdom also, having set itself against the wisdom of God, has become foolishness. But if it were discerning and declarative of the wisdom of God in creation, being a manifestation of the unmanifest, an instrument of truth that dispels ignorance, that by participation which the thing declared is by causality, how could it have been made foolish, and that by the One who casts this wisdom forth into creation? And how would this harm not be referred to the very wisdom of God which is manifest in the universe? And how would the author of peace, both of the whole and of each individual, not clearly fight against Himself, on the one hand giving wisdom through the wisdom instilled in the world, and on the other, through His own presence, making foolish both those who received it and this given wisdom? But it was necessary for this too to come not to be made foolish, but to be fulfilled, just as with the ancient law, concerning which Paul cries out, "Do we then nullify the law? By no means! Rather, we uphold the law," which the Lord also urges to search, as having eternal life stored up in it, and again He says, "If you believed Moses, you would believe me." Do you see the exceeding agreement of the law and of grace? For this reason, when the true light appeared, the law became better than itself, its hidden beauty having been made clear to it, but not the wisdom of the Greeks; for having foolishness lying underneath with a certain elegance and eloquence and persuasiveness of words, when its shame was uncovered it became more shameful and was rightly named after foolishness, not that which is by superiority, as being beyond understanding (for this is the ineffable name of the wisdom of God), but that which pertains to a knowledge (p. 94) lacking truth, as also

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παραινοῦμεν ἥκιστα τῶν ἁπάντων οὐδέν. Προσδοκᾶν δέ τι τῶν θείων ἀκριβῶς παρ᾿ αὐτῆς εἴσεσθαι καί τελέως ἀπαγορεύομεν˙ οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἐξ αὐτῆς διδαχθῆναί τι περί Θεοῦ ἀσφαλές. «Ἐμώρανε γάρ αὐτήν ὁ Θεός», οὐκ αὐτός τοιαύτην ποιήσας (πῶς γάρ ἄν σκοτίσαι τό φῶς;), ἀλλά μωράν οὖσαν ἀπελέγξας, οὐ πρός τήν αὐτοῦ παραβληθεῖσαν, ἄπαγε˙ εἰ γάρ τις τοῦτ᾿ εἴποι, καί τόν διά Μωσέως δεδομένον νόμον καταργηθῆναί τε καί μωρανθῆναι φήσει, τοῦ νόμου φανερωθέντος (σελ. 90) τῆς χάριτος˙ εἰ δέ μή τοῦτον (καί γάρ ἐκ θεοῦ), κατά τοῦτο πάντως ἡ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐμωράνθη σοφία, καθότι οὐκ ἐκ Θεοῦ˙ πᾶν δ᾿ ὅ μή θεόθεν, οὐκ ὄν˙ διά τοῦτο ἡ σοφία τῶν Ἑλλήνων ψευδώνυμος. Ὁ μέν γάρ ταύτην εὑρηκώς νοῦς, ᾖ νοῦς, ἐκ Θεοῦ˙ ταύτην δέ τοῦ προσήκοντος τέλους τῆς θεογνωσίας ἐκπεσοῦσαν, ἔκπτωσιν σοφίας καί σοφίαν ἠλογημένην, τἀυτόν δ᾿ εἰπεῖν μεμωραμένην, δικαιότερον ἄν τις ἤ σοφίαν προσείποι. ∆ιό καί ὁ ἀπόστολος οὐχ ὡς συγκρινομένην εἶπε μωραίνεσθαι, ἀλλ᾿ ὡς τά τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου ζητοῦσαν καί τόν προαιώνιον Θεόν μή γνοῦσαν μηδέ γνῶναι βουλομένην˙ εἰπών γάρ ποῦ συζητητής τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου;», εὐθύς ἐπήγαγεν ὅτι «ἐμώρανε ὁ Θεός τήν σοφίαν τοῦ κόσμου τούτου», τουτέστιν ἐφανέρωσε φανείς τῆς ἀληθινῆς γνώσεως ἐκπεπτωκυῖαν καί μή οὖσαν σοφίαν, ἀλλά καλουμένην μόνον. Εἰ δ᾿ ἦν σοφία, πῶς ἄν ἐγένετο μωρία καί ταῦθ᾿ ὑπό Θεοῦ καί τῆς αὐτοῦ σοφίας ἐπί γῆς φανερωθείσης; Κατά γάρ τόν μέγαν ∆ιονύσιον καλῷ καλόν οὐκ ἐναντιοῦται, τῷ ἥττονι τό κρεῖττον, ἐγώ δ᾿ ἄν φαίην ὡς οὐδέ ἀμβλύνεταί ποθ᾿ ὑπ᾿ ἀλλήλων τά γε νοητά, προσθείην δ᾿ ἄν ὅτι καί τῆς ἑαυτοῦ καλλονῆς ἕκαστον ἐπίδοσιν λαμβάνει τῇ τοῦ κρείττονος ἐπιφανείᾳ. Τί δ᾿ ἄν εἴποι τις, αὐτῆς τῆς καλλοποιοῦ δυνέμως ἐπιφανείσης; Οὐδέ γάρ τά «δεύτερα φῶτα», τάς ὑπερκοσμίους λέγω φύσεις, ὑπό τοῦ πρώτου φωτός ἀχρειοῦσθαι φαίη τις ἐπιλάμποντος αὐτοῖς˙ οὐδέ τό πολύ τούτων ἀποδέον, φῶς δ᾿ ὅμως ὄν, τό καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς λέγω λογικόν καί νοερόν, σκότος γέγονε, τοῦ θείου φωτός ἐπιφανέντος, καί ταῦτ᾿ εἰς τό φωτίσαι πάντα ἄνθρωπον ἐρχόμενον, εἰς τόν κόσμον. Ὁ δ᾿ ἀντιταττόμενος τούτῳ, (σελ. 92) εἴτ᾿ ἄγγελος, εἴτ᾿ ἄνθρωπος, ὡς ἑαυτόν ἑκών στερήσας τοῦ φωτός, ἐγκαταλειφθείς σκότος ἀναπέφηνεν.

Οὕτω τοίνυν καί ἡ σοφία ἐκείνη, ἀντιταξαμένῃ τῇ σοφίᾳ τοῦ Θεοῦ, μωρία γέγονεν. Εἰ δ᾿ ἦν διορατική καί ἐξαγγελτική τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τοῖς κτίσμασι σοφίας, φανέρωσις οὖσα τοῦ ἀφανοῦς, ὄργανον ἀληθείας ἀφανιστικόν ἀγνοίας, ἐκεῖνο κατά μέθεξιν ὅ κατ᾿ αἰτίαν τό ἀγγελλόμενον, πῶς ἀν ἐμωράνθη, καί ταῦθ᾿ ὑπό τοῦ τήν σοφίαν ταύτην ἐκβαλλόντος τῇ κτίσει; Πῶς δ᾿ οὐκ ἄν εἰς αὐτήν τήν ἐμφαινομένην τῷ παντί τοῦ Θεοῦ σοφίαν τό βλάβος ἀναφέρετο τοῦτο; Πῶς δ᾿ ἄν οὐχ ἑαυτῷ μάχοιτο σαφῶς ὁ τῆς εἰρήνης τῆς τε ὅλης καί τῆς καθ᾿ ἕκαστον ὑποστάτης, διά μέν τῆς ἐγκαταβληθείσης τῷ κόσμῳ σοφίας διδούς σοφίαν, διά δέ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ παρουσίας τούς τε εἰληφότας καί τήν δεδομένην ταύτην μωραίνων σοφίαν; Ἔδει δέ καί ταύτην, οὐκ εἰς τό μωράναι, ἀλλ᾿ εἰς τό πληρῶσαι παραγενέσθαι, καθάπερ εἰς τόν πάλαι νόμον, περί οὗ ὁ Παῦλος βοᾷ, «νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν; μή γένοιτο, ἀλλά νόμον ἱστῶμεν», ὅν καί ὁ Κύριος ἐρευνᾶν προτρέπεται, ὡς ἀντεθησαυρισμένην ἔχοντα τήν ζωήν τήν αἰώνιον, καί πάλιν «εἰ ἐπιστεύετε» φησί, «Μωσῇ, ἐπιστεύετε ἄν ἐμοί». Βλέπεις ὑπερβάλλουσαν ὁμολογίαν τοῦ νόμου καί τῆς χάριτος; ∆ιά τοῦτο, τοῦ ἀληθινοῦ φωτός ἐπιφανέντος, βελτίων ἑαυτοῦ γέγονεν ὁ νόμος, τρανωθέντος αὐτῷ τοῦ ἀποθέτου κάλλους, ἀλλ᾿ οὐχ ἡ καθ᾿ Ἕλληνας σοφία˙ μωρίαν δ᾿ ὑποκαθεζομένην ἔχουσα κομψείᾳ τινί καί εὐεπείᾳ καί πιθανότητι λόγων, τοῦ αἴσχους ἀνακαλυφθέντος αἰσχίων ἐγένετο καί τῆς μωρίας δικαίως ἐπώνυμος, οὐ τῆς καθ᾿ ὑπεροχήν, ὡς ὑπέρ ἔννοιαν οὖσα (τοῦτο γάρ ἐπωνυμία τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ σοφίας ἀπόρρητος), ἀλλά τῆς κατ᾿ ἔλλειψιν ἀληθείας ἐχομένης (σελ. 94) γνώσεως, ὡς καί