John Chrysostom, On Lazarus

his gate, and he neither lost heart, nor blasphemed, nor was indignant; he did not say to himself what many say: what is this? This man, living with wickedness and cruelty and inhumanity, enjoys all things beyond his needs, and endures no despondency, nor anything else unexpected, of which there are many among men, but he reaps a pure pleasure; but I cannot even partake of necessary food. But for this man who spends all his substance on parasites and flatterers and drunkenness, everything flows as if from springs; but I lie as an example to those who see me, and a shame and a mockery, wasting away with hunger. Are these things of providence? Does any justice watch over human affairs? He said none of these things, nor did he think them. How is this clear? From the fact that the angels escorted him as bodyguards and established him in the bosom of Abraham; for if he had been a blasphemer, he would not have enjoyed such honor. So then, many admire the man for this reason alone, that he was in poverty; but I am showing that he endured punishments nine in number, not that he might be punished, but that he might become more glorious; which is indeed what happened. For poverty is indeed a terrible thing, and those who have experience of it know; for no word will be able to represent the pain that those who live with poverty endure, and do not know how to be philosophical. But in the case of Lazarus, not only was this terrible, but sickness was also joined to him, and this to an extreme degree. And see how it shows both misfortunes reaching an extreme. For that the poverty of Lazarus then surpassed all poverty, it showed by saying that he did not even enjoy the crumbs falling from the rich man's table; and that the sickness had reached the same measure as the poverty, beyond which it was not possible to stretch, this too it again revealed, by saying that the dogs licked his sores. He was so weakened that he was not even able to drive away the dogs, but lay as a living corpse, seeing them coming 48.976, but not having the strength to defend himself. Thus were his limbs paralyzed, thus was he wasted by sickness, thus was he consumed by temptation. Did you see both poverty and sickness with extreme excess besieging his body? And if each of these by itself is unbearable and terrible, when they are woven together, how was he who endured these things not some kind of adamant? Many often are sick, but are not lacking necessary food; others live with extreme poverty, but enjoy health, and the one becomes a comfort for the other; but here both of these had come together. But you can tell me of someone who is both in sickness and in poverty. But not in such desolation. For even if not from himself nor from his own home, yet being laid out in the open he might be pitied by those who see him; but for this man, the desolation of protectors made the aforementioned terrible things become more grievous; and again, lying at the gate of the rich man made this very thing appear more grievous. For if he had been lying in the desert and the uninhabited land, suffering these things and being overlooked, he would not have grieved so much; for having no one present would persuade him to bear unwillingly the things that happened; but to lie in the midst of so many who were drunk and prospering, and to receive not even the slightest care from anyone, made the sensation of the pains more acute, and kindled despondency all the more. For we are not so stung in our misfortunes by helpers being absent, as by their being present but unwilling to stretch out a hand; which is what he was then suffering. For there was no one, not one to console with word, not one to comfort with deed, no friend, no neighbor, no relative, none of those who saw, the whole household of the rich man being corrupt. 10. Moreover, in addition to these things, seeing another prospering created in him another addition of pain; not because he was envious and wicked, but because we are all constituted to perceive our own misfortunes more keenly in the prosperity of others. And in the case of the rich man, there was also another, greater thing present, which could sting him. For not indeed

πυλῶνα αὐτοῦ, καὶ οὔτ' ἀπεδυσπέτησεν, οὔτ' ἐβλασφήμησεν, οὔτ' ἠγανάκτησεν· οὐκ εἶπε πρὸς ἑαυτὸν, ὃ πολλοὶ λέγουσι· τί ποτε τοῦτό ἐστιν; οὗτος μὲν πονηρίᾳ συζῶν καὶ ὠμότητι καὶ ἀπανθρωπίᾳ, καὶ τῶν ὑπὲρ τὴν χρείαν ἀπολαύει πάντων, καὶ οὐδ' ἀθυμίαν ὑπομένει, οὐδ' ἄλλο τι τῶν ἀδοκήτων, οἷα πολλὰ τὰ παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἐστὶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ καθαρὰν καρποῦται τὴν ἡδονήν· ἐγὼ δὲ οὐδὲ τῆς ἀναγκαίας ἔχω τροφῆς μετασχεῖν. Ἀλλὰ τούτῳ μὲν εἰς παρασίτους καὶ κόλακας καὶ μέθην τὰ ὄντα ἅπαντα δαπανῶντι, ὥσπερ ἐκ πηγῶν ἅπαντα ἐπιῤῥεῖ· ἐγὼ δὲ παράδειγμα τοῖς ὁρῶσι κεῖμαι καὶ αἰσχύνη καὶ γέλως, λιμῷ τηκόμενος. Ἆρα ταῦτα προνοίας; ἆρα ἐφορᾷ δίκη τις τὰ ἀνθρώπινα πράγματα; Οὐδὲν τούτων οὐκ εἶπεν, οὐκ ἐνενόησε. Πόθεν τοῦτο δῆλον; Ἐξ ὧν ἀπήγαγον αὐτὸν οἱ ἄγγελοι δορυφοροῦντες, καὶ εἰς τὸν κόλπον τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ ἀποκατέστησαν· οὐκ ἂν δὲ, εἰ βλάσφημος ἦν, τοσαύτης ἀπέλαυσε τιμῆς. Οὕτω μὲν οὖν οἱ πολλοὶ διὰ τοῦτο θαυμάζουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον μόνον, ὅτι ἐν πενίᾳ ἦν· ἐγὼ δὲ δείκνυμι τιμωρίας ἐννέα τὸν ἀριθμὸν αὐτὸν ὑπομείναντα, οὐχ ἵνα κολάζηται, ἀλλ' ἵνα λαμπρότερος γίνηται· ὅπερ οὖν καὶ ἐγένετο. ∆εινὸν μὲν γὰρ ὄντως καὶ ἡ πενία, καὶ ἴσασιν ὅσοι πεῖραν ταύτης εἰλήφασι· λόγος γὰρ οὐδεὶς παραστῆσαι δυνήσεται τὴν ὀδύνην, ὅσην ὑπομένουσιν οἱ πτωχείᾳ συζῶντες, καὶ φιλοσοφεῖν οὐκ εἰδότες. Ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ Λαζάρου οὐ τοῦτο μόνον ἦν τὸ δεινὸν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀῤῥωστία αὐτῷ συνέζευκτο, καὶ αὕτη μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς ἑκατέρας τὰς συμφορὰς δείκνυσιν εἰς ἄκρον ἐλθούσας. Ὅτι μὲν γὰρ πᾶσαν πενίαν ἡ τοῦ Λαζάρου πενία τότε ἐνίκησεν, ἔδειξεν εἰπὼν, ὅτι οὐδὲ τῶν ψιχίων ἀπήλαυε τῶν πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τοῦ πλουσίου· ὅτι δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀῤῥωστία πρὸς τὸ αὐτὸ μέτρον ἐφθάκει τῇ πενίᾳ, μεθ' ὃ λοιπὸν ἐκταθῆναι οὐκ ἦν, καὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ πάλιν ἐδήλωσεν, εἰπὼν ὅτι οἱ κύνες ἀπέλειχον τὰ ἕλκη αὐτοῦ. Οὕτως ἦν ἐξησθενηκὼς, ὡς μηδὲ τοὺς κύνας ἀποσοβῆσαι δύνασθαι, ἀλλὰ νεκρὸς ἔμψυχος ἔκειτο, ἐπιόντας μὲν αὐτοὺς 48.976 θεωρῶν, ἀμύνασθαι δὲ οὐκ ἰσχύων. Οὕτως αὐτῷ τὰ μέλη παρεῖτο, οὕτω τεταρίχευτο τῇ ἀῤῥωστίᾳ, οὕτω δεδαπάνητο τῷ πειρασμῷ. Εἶδες μετ' ἄκρας ὑπερβολῆς καὶ τὴν πενίαν καὶ τὴν ἀῤῥωστίαν πολιορκοῦσαν αὐτοῦ τὸ σῶμα; Εἰ δὲ καθ' ἑαυτὸ τούτων ἕκαστον ἀφόρητον καὶ δεινὸν, ὅταν ὁμοῦ συμπεπλεγμένα ᾖ, πῶς οὐκ ἀδάμας τις ἦν ὁ ταῦτα ὑπομένων; Πολλοὶ πολλάκις ἀῤῥωστοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἀναγκαίας οὐκ ἀποροῦσι τροφῆς· ἄλλοι πενίᾳ μὲν συζῶσιν ἐσχάτῃ, ἀλλ' ὑγιείας ἀπολαύουσι, καὶ θάτερον θατέρου παραμυθία γίνεται· ἐνταῦθα δὲ ἀμφότερα ταῦτα συνεδεδραμήκει. Ἀλλ' ἔχεις μοί τινα εἰπεῖν καὶ ἐν ἀῤῥωστίᾳ ὄντα καὶ ἐν πενίᾳ. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐν ἐρημίᾳ τοσαύτῃ. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ μὴ παρ' ἑαυτοῦ μηδὲ οἴκοθεν, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τῶν ὁρώντων ἐλεεῖσθαι δύναιτο ἂν εἰς τὸ μέσον προκείμενος· τούτῳ δὲ τὰ προειρημένα δεινὰ χαλεπώτερα ἐποίει γίνεσθαι τῶν προστησομένων ἡ ἐρημία· καὶ αὐτὴν ταύτην πάλιν χαλεπωτέραν ἐποίει φαίνεσθαι τὸ ἐν πυλῶνι κεῖσθαι τοῦ πλουσίου. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου καὶ τῆς ἀοικήτου κείμενος, ταῦτ' ἔπασχε καὶ παρεωρᾶτο, οὐκ ἂν οὕτως ἤλγησε· τὸ γὰρ μηδένα παρεῖναι καὶ ἄκοντα φέρειν ἔπειθε τὰ συμβαίνοντα· τὸ δὲ ἐν μέσῳ τοσούτων κείμενον μεθυόντων, εὐημερούντων, παρὰ μηδενὸς μηδὲ τῆς τυχούσης ἐπιμελείας τυγχάνειν, δριμυτέραν ἐποίει τῶν ὀδυνῶν γίνεσθαι τὴν αἴσθησιν, καὶ τὴν ἀθυμίαν ἐξέκαιε μᾶλλον. Οὐ γὰρ οὕτως ἀπόντων τῶν βοηθούντων, ὡς παρόντων μὲν, οὐκ ἐθελόντων δὲ ὀρέξαι χεῖρα, δάκνεσθαι πεφύκαμεν ἐν ταῖς συμφοραῖς· ὅπερ οὖν κἀκεῖνος τότε ἔπασχεν. Οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἦν, οὐχ ὁ λόγῳ παρακαλῶν, οὐχ ὁ ἔργῳ παραμυθούμενος, οὐ φίλος, οὐ γείτων, οὐ συγγενὴς, οὐ τῶν ὁρώντων οὐδεὶς, πάσης τῆς τοῦ πλουσίου διεφθαρμένης οἰκίας. ιʹ. Ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις ἑτέραν αὐτῷ προσθήκην ὀδύνης ἐνεποίει τὸ καὶ ἕτερον εὐπραγοῦντα ὁρᾷν· οὐκ ἐπειδὴ βάσκανος ἦν καὶ πονηρὸς, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ πεφύκαμεν ἅπαντες ἐν ταῖς ἑτέρων εὐημερίαις ἀκριβέστερον τὰς οἰκείας καταμανθάνειν συμφοράς. Ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ πλουσίου καὶ μεῖζον προσῆν αὐτῷ ἕτερον τὸ δυνάμενον αὐτὸν δακεῖν. Οὐ γὰρ δὴ