John Chrysostom, On Virginity

after death and before marriage and after marriage. For what marriage, tell me, gave birth to Adam? What birth-pangs for Eve? You could not say. Why then do you fear in vain and tremble that if marriage ceases, the human race will also cease? Ten thousands of ten thousands of angels minister to God, thousands of thousands of archangels stand by him, and not one of these came to be by succession, not one from childbirth and birth-pangs and conception. Would he not then have made men much more so without marriage? Just as he also made the first ones from whom all men are.

15 That it is not marriage that increases our race. And even now it is not the power of marriage that holds our race together, but the word of the Lord who said from the beginning: "Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth." For what, tell me, did the matter of begetting children profit Abraham? Did he not, after using it for so many years, later utter this voice: "Master, what will you give me? For I am departing childless?" As therefore then from dead bodies God gave a foundation and a root to so many myriads, so also from the beginning, if Adam and his companion had been obedient to his commands and controlled their desire for the tree, he would not have been at a loss for a way by which he would increase the human race. For neither will marriage, if God is unwilling, be able to make the existing men many, nor will virginity, if he is willing for there to be many, destroy the multitude. But he willed it so, he says, on account of us and on account of our disobedience. For why did marriage not appear before the deceit? Why not intercourse in paradise? Why not birth-pangs before the curse? Because then these things were superfluous, but later they became necessary on account of our weakness, both these and all the others: cities, arts, the wearing of clothes, the rest of the crowd of necessities. For death, dragging them in its train, brought all these things in with itself. Do not, therefore, prefer what was conceded on account of your weakness to virginity, or rather, do not even place it on an equal footing, since proceeding according to this logic you will say that having two wives is better than being content with only one, since this too was conceded in the law of Moses, and thus you will prefer wealth to voluntary poverty, and luxury to a temperate way of life, and defending oneself to bearing one's injurer nobly.

16 That marriage is a condescension. But you revile these things, he says. I do not revile them at all; for God conceded them, and in their time they have become useful. But I say that they are small things, and achievements of children rather than of men. And for this reason Christ, wishing to make us perfect, commanded us to put those things away, like childish garments that cannot clothe the perfect man nor adorn the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ, but he commanded us to put on those things that are more seemly and more perfect, not legislating contrary to himself but very much being consistent. For even if these commands are greater than those, yet the purpose of the lawgiver is the same. What then is this? To cut off the evil of our soul and lead it to perfect virtue. If, therefore, he had been zealous for this, not to command things greater than the former but to leave us always in the same state and never to free us from that lowliness, this would have been to contradict himself greatly. For just as if from the beginning, when the race of men was in a more childish state, he had legislated this intense way of life, we would never have accepted even a moderate one, but all things pertaining to our salvation would have been corrupted for us by this lack of moderation. So too, if after that long time and the tutelage from the law, when the time was calling us to this heavenly philosophy, he had allowed us to remain on the earth, we would have reaped no great benefit from the condescension, since that perfection for the sake of which the condescension occurred would not have come to us.

μετὰ τὸν θάνατον καὶ πρὸ τοῦ γάμου καὶ μετὰ τὸν γάμον. Ποῖος γάρ, εἰπέ μοι, γάμος ἀπέτεκε Ἀδάμ; Ποῖαι τὴν Εὔαν ὠδῖνες; Οὐκ ἂν ἔχοις εἰπεῖν. Τί οὖν δέδοικας εἰκῇ καὶ τρέμεις μὴ παυσαμένου τοῦ γάμου καὶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων παύσεται γένος; Μύριαι μυριάδες ἀγγέλων λειτουργοῦσι τῷ Θεῷ, χίλιαι χιλιάδες ἀρχαγγέλων παρεστᾶσιν αὐτῷ, καὶ οὐδεὶς τούτων γέγονεν ἐκ διαδοχῆς, οὐδεὶς ἐκ τόκων καὶ ὠδίνων καὶ συλλήψεως. Οὔκουν πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἀνθρώπους ἐποίησεν ἂν γάμου χωρίς; Ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ἐποίησε τοὺς πρώτους ὅθεν ἅπαντες ἄνθρωποι.

15 Ὅτι οὐχ ὁ γάμος αὔξει τὸ ἡμέτερον γένος. Καὶ νῦν δὲ οὐχ ἡ τοῦ γάμου δύναμις τὸ γένος συγκροτεῖ τὸ ἡμέτερον ἀλλ' ὁ τοῦ κυρίου λόγος ὁ παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν εἰπών· «Αὐξάνεσθαι καὶ πληθύνεσθαι καὶ πληρώσατε τὴν γῆν.» Τί γάρ, εἰπέ μοι, τὸν Ἀβραὰμ εἰς παιδοποιΐαν τὸ πρᾶγμα ὤνησεν; Οὐκ ἐπὶ τοσούτοις αὐτῷ χρησάμενος ἔτεσι ταύτην ὕστερον ἀφῆκε τὴν φωνήν· «∆έσποτα, τί μοι δώσεις; Ἐγὼ δὲ ἀπολύομαι ἄτεκνος;» Ὥσπερ οὖν τότε ἀπὸ νεκρῶν σωμάτων τοσαύταις μυριάσι δέδωκεν ὑπόθεσιν καὶ ῥίζαν ὁ Θεός, οὕτω καὶ παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν εἰ τοῖς προστάγμασιν αὐτοῦ πεισθέντες οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἀδὰμ τῆς ἡδονῆς ἐκράτησαν τοῦ ξύλου, οὐκ ἂν ἠπόρησεν ὁδοῦ δι' ἧς τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος αὐξήσει. Οὔτε γὰρ ὁ γάμος μὴ βουλομένου Θεοῦ δυνήσεται ποιῆσαι πολλοὺς τοὺς ὄντας ἀνθρώπους οὐδὲ ἡ παρθενία, βουλομένου πολλοὺς εἶναι, λυμανεῖται τὸ πλῆθος. Ἀλλ' οὕτως ἐβουλήθη, φησί, δι' ἡμᾶς καὶ διὰ τὴν ἀπείθειαν τὴν ἡμετέραν. ∆ιὰ τί γὰρ μὴ πρὸ τῆς ἀπάτης ὁ γάμος ἐφάνη; ∆ιὰ τί μὴ ἐν παραδείσῳ ἡ μίξις; ∆ιὰ τί μὴ πρὸ τῆς ἀρᾶς ὠδῖνες; Ὅτι τότε μὲν ταῦτα περιττά, ὕστερον δὲ γέγονεν ἀναγκαῖα διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἀσθένειαν καὶ ταῦτα καὶ τὰ ἀλλὰ ἅπαντα, αἱ πόλεις, αἱ τέχναι, ἡ τῶν ἱματίων περιβολή, ὁ λοιπὸς τῶν χρειῶν ὄχλος. Ταῦτα γὰρ ἅπαντα ἐπισυρόμενος εἰσήλασεν ὁ θάνατος μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ. Μὴ τοίνυν ὃ διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν συνεχωρήθη τὴν σήν, τοῦτο τῆς παρθενίας προτίμα, μᾶλλον δὲ μηδὲ ἐν ἴσῳ τίθεσο, ἐπεὶ κατὰ τοῦτον προϊὼν τὸν λόγον καὶ τὸ δύο γυναῖκας ἔχειν τοῦ μιᾷ ἀρκεῖσθαι μόνον ἄμεινον εἶναι φήσεις, ἐπειδὴ καὶ τοῦτο συγκεχώρητο ἐν τῷ νόμῳ Μωϋσέως, καὶ τὸν πλοῦτον δὲ οὕτως τῆς ἑκουσίου προτιμήσεις πενίας καὶ τὴν τρυφὴν τῆς σώφρονος διαίτης καὶ τὸ ἀμύνεσθαι τοῦ φέρειν τὸν ἀδικοῦντα γενναίως.

16 Ὅτι συγκαταβάσεως ὁ γάμος. Σὺ δὲ αὐτὰ κακίζεις, φησί. Κακίζω μὲν οὐδαμῶς· Θεὸς γὰρ αὐτὰ συνεχώρησε καὶ γέγονεν ἐν καιρῷ χρήσιμα. Μικρὰ δὲ αὐτὰ εἶναί φημι, καὶ παίδων κατορθώματα μᾶλλον ἢ ἀνδρῶν. Καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἡμᾶς τελείους ὁ Χριστὸς δημιουργῆσαι βουλόμενος ἐκεῖνα μὲν ἀποθέσθαι ἐκέλευσεν, ὥσπερ ἱμάτια παιδικὰ καὶ οὐ δυνάμενα περιβάλλειν τὸν ἄνδρα τὸν τέλειον οὐδὲ τὸ μέτρον κοσμῆσαι τῆς ἡλικίας τοῦ πληρώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ, τὰ δὲ ἐκείνων εὐπρεπέστερα καὶ τελειότερα περιθέσθαι ἐκέλευσεν, οὐκ ἀντινομοθετῶν ἑαυτῷ ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα ἀκολουθῶν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ τὰ προστάγματα ταῦτα ἐκείνων μείζω, ἀλλὰ τοῦ νομοθέτου σκοπὸς ὁ αὐτός. Τίς οὖν ἐστιν οὗτος; Περικόψαι τὴν κακίαν τῆς ἡμετέρας ψυχῆς καὶ πρὸς τὴν τελείαν αὐτὴν ἀγαγεῖν ἀρετήν. Εἰ τοίνυν τοῦτο ἐσπουδάκει, οὐ τὸ μείζονα ἐπιτάξαι τῶν προτέρων ἀλλὰ τὸ ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἀφεῖναι διὰ παντὸς καὶ μηδέποτε τῆς εὐτελείας ἀπαλλάξαι ἐκείνης, τοῦτο ἐναντιουμένου σφόδρα ἦν ἑαυτῷ. Ὥσπερ γὰρ εἰ παρὰ τὴν ἀρχήν, ὅτε νηπιωδέστερον τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων διέκειτο γένος, τὴν ἐπιτεταμένην ταύτην ἐνομοθέτησε πολιτείαν οὐδ' ἂν τὴν σύμμετρον ἐδεξάμεθά ποτε, ἀλλὰ πάντα τὰ τῆς σωτηρίας ἡμῖν ὑπὸ ταύτης ἂν τῆς ἀμετρίας διέφθαρτο. Οὕτως εἰ μετὰ τὸν πολὺν χρόνον ἐκεῖνον καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου παιδαγωγίαν, τοῦ καιροῦ ἐπὶ τὴν οὐράνιον ταύτην καλοῦντος φιλοσοφίαν, εἴασε μένειν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, οὐδὲν ἂν μέγα ἐκ τῆς συγκαταβάσεως ἐκαρπωσάμεθα, ἐκείνης τῆς τελειότητος δι' ἣν ἡ συγκατάβασις γέγονε μὴ παραγενομένης ἡμῖν.