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Then he adds, speaking of the daughters of Zeus, whom he also calls Muses, whose suppliant he is found to be, wishing to learn from them in what way all things came to be. For he says: 'Hail, children of Zeus, and give lovely song. And celebrate the holy race of the deathless gods who are for ever, those that were born of Earth and starry Heaven, and murky Night, and those the salt Sea did nourish. Tell how at the first the gods and earth came to be, and rivers, and the boundless sea with its raging swell, and the gleaming stars, and the broad heaven above, and how they divided their wealth, and how they shared their honours, and also how at the first they took many-ridged Olympus. These things declare to me from the beginning, you Muses who dwell on Olympus, and tell me which of them first came to be.' But how did the Muses know these things, being later-born than the cosmos? Or how could they relate them to Hesiod, when their father had not yet been born? And in a certain way he posits matter, and the creation of the cosmos, saying: 'Verily at the first Chaos came to be, but next broad-bosomed Earth, the ever-sure foundation of all the deathless ones who hold the peaks of snowy Olympus, and dim Tartarus in the depth of the wide-pathed Earth, and Eros, fairest among the deathless gods, the limb-loosener, who of all gods and of all men overcomes in their breasts their mind and thoughtful counsel. From Chaos came forth Erebus and black Night. But Earth first bore starry Heaven, equal to herself, to cover her on every side, and to be an ever-sure abiding-place for the blessed gods. And she brought forth long hills, graceful haunts of the goddess Nymphs who dwell amongst the glens of the hills. She bore also the fruitless sea with his raging swell, Pontus, without sweet union of love. But afterwards she lay with Heaven and bore deep-swirling Oceanus.' And having said these things, not even so did he declare by whom they came to be. For if in the beginning was chaos, and some pre-existing matter was uncreated, who then was the one who refashioned, and rearranged, and transformed it? Did matter itself reshape and order itself? For Zeus was born a long time after, not only after matter but also after the cosmos and a multitude of men; and indeed so was his father Cronus. Or rather, was there some master power that made it, I mean God, who also ordered it? Moreover, he is found in every way to be talking nonsense and contradicting himself. For having spoken of earth and heaven and sea, he wishes the gods to have come into being from them, and from these he reports some most terrible men, kinsmen of the gods, the race of Titans and the multitude of Cyclopes and Giants, and the daemons of Egypt, or

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εἶτα ἐπιφέρει λέγων τὰς τοῦ ∆ιὸς θυγατέρας, ἃς καὶ Μούσας προσαγορεύει, ὧν ἱκέτης εὑρίσκεται βουλόμενος μαθεῖν παρ' αὐτῶν τίνι τρόπῳ τὰ πάντα γεγένηται. λέγει γάρ· Χαίρετε, τέκνα ∆ιός, δότε δ' ἱμερόεσσαν ἀοιδήν. κλείετε δ' ἀθανάτων μακάρων γένος αἰὲν ἐόντων, οἳ γῆς ἐξεγένοντο καὶ οὐρανοῦ ἀστερόεντος, νυκτός τε δνοφερῆς, οὓς ἁλμυρὸς ἔτρεφε πόντος. εἴπατε δ' ὡς τὰ πρῶτα θεοὶ καὶ γαῖα γένοντο, καὶ ποταμοὶ καὶ πόντος ἀπείριτος, οἴδματι θύων, ἄστρα τε λαμπετόωντα καὶ οὐρανὸς εὐρὺς ὕπερθεν, ὥς τ' ἄφενος δάσσαντο καὶ ὡς τιμὰς διέλοντο, ἠδὲ καὶ ὡς τὰ πρῶτα πολύπτυχον ἔσχον Ὄλυμπον. ταῦτά μοι ἔσπετε Μοῦσαι Ὀλύμπια δώματ' ἔχουσαι ἐξ ἀρχῆς, καὶ εἴπαθ' ὅ τι πρῶτον γένετ' αὐτῶν. πῶς δὲ ταῦτα ἠπίσταντο αἱ Μοῦσαι, μεταγενέστεραι οὖσαι τοῦ κόσμου; ἢ πῶς ἠδύναντο διηγήσασθαι τῷ Ἡσιόδῳ, ὅπου δὴ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῶν οὔπω γεγένηται; Καὶ ὕλην μὲν τρόπῳ τινὶ ὑποτίθεται, καὶ κόσμου ποίησιν, λέγων· Ἤτοι μὲν πρώτιστα χάος γένετ', αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα γαῖ' εὐρύστερνος, πάντων ἕδος ἀσφαλὲς αἰεὶ ἀθανάτων, οἳ ἔχουσι κάρη νιφόεντος Ὀλύμπου, Τάρταρά τ' ἠερόεντα, μυχὸν χθονὸς εὐρυοδείης, ἠδ' Ἔρος, ὃς κάλλιστος ἐν ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσι, λυσιμελής, πάντων τε θεῶν πάντων τ' ἀνθρώπων δάμναται ἐν στήθεσσι νόον καὶ ἐπίφρονα βουλήν. ἐκ Χάεος δ' Ἔρεβός τε μέλαινά τε Νὺξ ἐγένοντο. Γαῖα δέ τοι πρῶτον μὲν ἐγείνατο ἶσον ἑωυτῇ Oὐρανὸν ἀστερόενθ', ἵνα μιν περὶ πάντα καλύπτῃ, ὄφρ' εἴη μακάρεσσι θεοῖς ἕδος ἀσφαλὲς αἰεί· γείνατο δ' οὔρεα μακρά, θεᾶν χαρίεντας ἐναύλους Νυμφέων, αἳ ναίουσιν ἀν' οὔρεα βησσήεντα· ἠδὲ καὶ ἀτρύγετον πέλαγος τέκεν οἴδματι θῦον, πόντον, ἄτερ φιλότητος ἐφιμέρου· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα Oὐρανῷ εὐνηθεῖσα τέκ' Ὠκεανὸν βαθυδίνην. καὶ ταῦτα εἰπὼν οὐδὲ οὕτως ἐδήλωσεν ὑπὸ τίνος ἐγένοντο. εἰ γὰρ ἐν πρώτοις ἦν χάος, καὶ ὕλη τις προϋπέκειτο ἀγένητος οὖσα, τίς ἄρα ἦν ὁ ταύτην μετασκευάζων καὶ μεταρρυθμίζων καὶ μεταμορφῶν; πότερον αὐτὴ ἑαυτὴν ἡ ὕλη μετεσχημάτιζεν καὶ ἐκόσμει; ὁ γὰρ Ζεὺς μετὰ χρόνον πολὺν γεγένηται, οὐ μόνον τῆς ὕλης ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ κόσμου καὶ πλήθους ἀνθρώπων· ἔτι μὴν καὶ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ Κρόνος. ἢ μᾶλλον ἦν κύριόν τι τὸ ποιῆσαν αὐτήν, λέγω δὲ θεός, ὁ καὶ κατακοσμήσας αὐτήν; Ἔτι μὴν κατὰ πάντα τρόπον φλυαρῶν εὑρίσκεται καὶ ἐναντία ἑαυτῷ λέγων. εἰπὼν γὰρ γῆν καὶ οὐρανὸν καὶ θάλασσαν ἐξ αὐτῶν τοὺς θεοὺς βούλεται γεγονέναι, καὶ ἐκ τούτων ἀνθρώπους δεινοτά- τους τινὰς συγγενεῖς θεῶν καταγγέλλει, Τιτάνων γένος καὶ Κυκλώ- πων καὶ Γιγάντων πληθύν, τῶν τε κατὰ Aἴγυπτον δαιμόνων, ἢ