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all proclaimed the same things, just as David says: “Appoint, O Lord, a lawgiver over them, that the nations may know that they are men.” 1.4.2 See how he also mentions a second lawgiver of the nations. Wherefore also in another place he calls upon the nations to sing not the old Mosaic song, but another, a new one, saying: “Sing to the Lord a new song, sing to the Lord all the earth; declare his glory among the nations, his wondrous works among all peoples. For the Lord is great and greatly to be praised; he is to be feared above all gods. For all the gods of the nations are demons, but the Lord made the heavens. Bring to the Lord, you families of the nations, bring to the Lord glory to his name.” 1.4.3 And again: “Say among the nations that the Lord has reigned; for he has established the world, which shall not be shaken.” 1.4.4 And again: “Sing to the Lord a new song, for he has done marvelous things. The Lord has made known his salvation. Before the nations he has revealed his righteousness. All the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of our God.” 1.4.5 And see in what manner in these words he announces the new song not to the nation of the Jews, but to all the nations, since the old one through Moses belonged to the Jews alone. Indeed, Jeremiah, another prophet of the Hebrews, calls this new song a new covenant, saying: “Behold, the days are coming, says the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah, not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers on the day when I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; because they did not continue in my covenant, and I disregarded them, says the Lord. For this is the covenant that I will make with Israel, says the Lord: I will put my laws into their mind, and I will write them on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people.” 1.4.6 Do you see how he also, distinguishing two covenants, names one old and the other new, and says that the new will not be according to the old, which he made with the fathers? For the one was legislated for the Jews who had fallen away from the piety of their ancestors, and had emulated the Egyptian life and manner, and had lapsed into polytheistic error and superstition concerning the idols of the nations, so as to raise the fallen and set upright those lying prostrate with appropriate teachings. “For the law,” he says, “is not laid down for the just, but for the lawless and disobedient, for the ungodly and sinners,” and the like. 1.4.7 But the new one guides those who have been raised up through our Savior by the grace and gift of God to walk and hasten to the promised kingdom of God, calling all people equally to one and the same participation in good things. Isaiah, yet another prophet of the Hebrews, again calls this new covenant a new law, saying: “For out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem, and he shall judge among the nations, and all the nations shall come, and all the peoples shall be gathered and shall say, Come, let us go up to the mountain of the Lord and to the house of the God of Jacob.” 1.4.8 And what would be the law that has come forth from Zion, being different from the one legislated by Moses in the desert on Mount Sinai, but the evangelical word that has come forth from Zion through our Savior Jesus Christ and his apostles and has gone through all the nations? For it is manifest that from Jerusalem and the adjacent Mount Zion, where our Savior and Lord spent most of his time and taught, the law of his new covenant began and, proceeding from there, shone forth to all people, in accordance with his own words, which he spoke to his disciples, saying: “Go and make disciples of all nations, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you.” 1.4.9 And what were these but the lessons and instructions of the new covenant? since

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εἰπεῖν ἅπαντες τὰ ὅμοια προεκήρυττον, ὥσπερ οὖν ∆αβὶδ φάσκων· «κατάστησον, κύριε, νομοθέτην ἐπ' αὐτούς, γνώτωσαν ἔθνη ὅτι ἄνθρωποί εἰσιν». 1.4.2 ὅρα ὡς δευτέρου μέμνηται καὶ οὗτος νομοθέτου ἐθνῶν. διὸ καὶ ἐν ἑτέρῳ τοῖς ἔθνεσι προσφωνεῖ ᾄδειν οὐ τὸ παλαιὸν καὶ Μωσαϊκὸν ᾆσμα, ἀλλ' ἕτερον καινόν, λέγων· «ᾄσατε τῷ κυρίῳ ᾆσμα καινόν, ᾄσατε τῷ κυρίῳ πᾶσα ἡ γῆ· ἀναγγείλατε ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσι τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς λαοῖς τὰ θαυμάσια αὐτοῦ. ὅτι μέγας κύριος καὶ αἰνετὸς σφόδρα, φοβερός ἐστιν ἐπὶ πάντας τοὺς θεούς. ὅτι πάντες οἱ θεοὶ τῶν ἐθνῶν δαιμόνια, ὁ δὲ κύριος τοὺς οὐρανοὺς ἐποίησεν, ἐνέγκατε τῷ κυρίῳ αἱ πατριαὶ τῶν ἐθνῶν, ἐνέγκατε τῷ κυρίῳ δόξαν ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ». 1.4.3 καὶ πάλιν· «εἴπατε ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ὅτι κύριος ἐβασίλευσε· καὶ γὰρ κατώρθωσε τὴν οἰκουμένην, ἥτις οὐ σαλευθήσεται». 1.4.4 καὶ πάλιν· «ᾄσατε τῷ κυρίῳ ᾆσμα καινόν, ὅτι θαυμαστὰ ἐποίησεν. ἐγνώρισε κύριος τὸ σωτήριον αὐτοῦ. ἐναντίον τῶν ἐθνῶν ἀπεκάλυψε τὴν δικαιοσύνην αὐτοῦ. εἴδοσαν πάντα τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς τὸ σωτήριον τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν». 1.4.5 Καὶ ὅρα τίνα τρόπον ἐν τούτοις τὸ καινὸν ᾆσμα οὐ τῷ Ἰουδαίων ἔθνει, ἀλλὰ τοῖς πᾶσιν ἔθνεσιν καταγγέλλει, τοῦ διὰ Μωσέως παλαιοῦ μόνοις Ἰουδαίοις προσήκοντος. τοῦτό τοι τὸ καινὸν ᾆσμα καινὴν διαθήκην Ἱερεμίας, ἕτερος Ἑβραίων προφήτης, ἀποκαλεῖ λέγων· «ἰδοὺ ἡμέραι ἔρχονται, λέγει κύριος, καὶ διαθήσομαι τῷ οἴκῳ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ τῷ οἴκῳ Ἰούδα διαθήκην καινήν, οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην ἣν διεθέμην τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου· ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ μου, κἀγὼ ἠμέλησα αὐτῶν, λέγει κύριος. ὅτι αὕτη ἡ διαθήκη ἣν διαθήσομαι τῷ Ἰσραήλ, λέγει κύριος, διδοὺς νόμους μου ἐπὶ τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν γράψω, καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῶν θεός, καὶ αὐτοὶ ἔσονταί μου λαός». 1.4.6 Ὁρᾷς καὶ τοῦτον ὡς διαστελλόμενος δύο διαθήκας, τὴν μὲν παλαιὰν ὀνομάζει τὴν δὲ καινήν, καί φησιν τὴν καινὴν οὐ κατὰ τὴν παλαιὰν ἔσεσθαι, ἣν διέθετο τοῖς πατράσιν; ἡ μὲν γὰρ τοῖς ἀποπεσοῦσι τῆς τῶν προγόνων εὐσεβείας Ἰουδαίοις τὸν αἰγυπτιακὸν δὲ βίον καὶ τρόπον ζηλώσασιν ἐπί τε τὴν πολύθεον πλάνην καὶ τὴν ἀμφὶ τὰ εἴδωλα τῶν ἐθνῶν δεισιδαιμονίαν ὀλισθήσασιν νενομοθέτητο, ὡς ἂν πεσόντας ἀνεγείρουσα καὶ ἀνορθοῦσα τοὺς πρηνεῖς κειμένους καταλλήλοις διδασκαλίαις. «δικαίοις γάρ, φησί, νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ καὶ ἀνυποτάκτοις, ἀσεβέσι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοῖς», καὶ τοῖς παραπλησίοις. 1.4.7 ἡ δὲ καινὴ τοὺς διὰ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν χάριτι καὶ δωρεᾷ θεοῦ ἀνεγηγερμένους ἐπὶ τὸ βαδίζειν καὶ σπεύδειν εἰς τὴν ἐπηγγελμένην τοῦ θεοῦ βασιλείαν χειραγωγεῖ, πάντας ἐπ' ἴσης ἀνθρώπους εἰς μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν τῶν ἀγαθῶν μετουσίαν προκαλουμένη. ταύτην τὴν καινὴν διαθήκην αὖθις νόμον ὀνομάζει καινὸν Ἡσαΐας, ἄλλος πάλιν Ἑβραίων προφήτης, λέγων· «ἐκ γὰρ Σιὼν ἐξελεύσεται νόμος, καὶ λόγος κυρίου ἐξ Ἱερουσαλήμ, καὶ κρινεῖ ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ἐθνῶν, καὶ ἥξουσι πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, καὶ συναχθήσονται πάντες οἱ λαοὶ καὶ ἐροῦσι, δεῦτε, καὶ ἀναβῶμεν εἰς τὸ ὄρος κυρίου καὶ εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ Ἰακώβ». 1.4.8 τίς δ' ἂν εἴη ὁ ἐκ Σιὼν προεληλυθὼς νόμος, ἕτερος ὢν τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρήμου διὰ Μωσέως ἐν τῷ Σινᾶ ὄρει νενομοθετημένου, ἀλλ' ἢ ὁ εὐαγγελικὸς λόγος ὁ διὰ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων αὐτοῦ ἐκ τῆς Σιὼν προεληλυθὼς καὶ διελθὼν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη; πρόδηλον γὰρ ὡς ἀπὸ τῆς Ἱερουσαλὴμ καὶ τοῦ ταύτῃ προσπαρακειμένου Σιὼν ὄρους, ἔνθα τὰς πλείστας διατριβάς τε καὶ διδασκαλίας ὁ σωτὴρ καὶ κύριος ἡμῶν πεποίητο, ὁ τῆς καινῆς διαθήκης αὐτοῦ ἀρξάμενος νόμος κἀκεῖθεν προελθὼν εἰς πάντας ἐξέλαμψεν ἀνθρώπους, ἀκολούθως ταῖς αὐτοῦ φωναῖς, ἃς πρὸς τοὺς αὐτοῦ μαθητὰς πεποίητο φήσας· «πορευθέντες μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, διδάσκοντες αὐτοὺς τηρεῖν πάντα ὅσα ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν». 1.4.9 τίνα δὲ ταῦτα ἦν ἀλλ' ἢ τὰ τῆς καινῆς διαθήκης μαθήματά τε καὶ παιδεύματα; ἐπειδὴ