11

is the discovery of what is sought. For since even the mines are earth, and gold is nothing other than earth, the commonality of nature in what is sought deceives the eyes, but nevertheless they do not give up, but show all diligence; and yet seeing, they know what is truly earth, and what is truly gold. But with Scripture it is not so. For the gold is not set forth mixed with earth, but is pure gold, "silver refined, tried in the earth." For the Scriptures are not mines needing to be worked, but they offer a ready treasure to those seeking the wealth from them. For it is enough just to stoop down and depart filled with all benefit; it is enough just to open them and immediately behold the gleamings of the gems. But I have not said these things simply, nor have I extended the discourse rashly, but because there are some boorish men who, when they take the divine books in their hands, then find a number of years or a list of names written, immediately run past them and say to those who find fault: It is only names and has nothing useful. What are you saying? God speaks and you dare to say that nothing of what has been said is useful? For if you were to see just a bare inscription, would you not stop with eagerness, tell me, and search out the treasure lying there? And what am I saying of times and names and inscriptions? Learn how much power even the addition of a single letter has, and cease despising whole names. Our patriarch Abraham—for he belongs more to us than to the Jews—was at first called Abram, which interpreted is "wayfarer"; but after this, being renamed Abraham, he became the father of all nations, and the addition of one letter entrusted so great a rule to the righteous man. For just as kings hold out golden tablets to their own governors, a symbol of authority, so also did God then give that letter to that righteous man as a symbol of honor.

2.3 But concerning names I will speak at another time; but how great is the profit of knowing the times and how great the harm of not knowing them, it is necessary to say. And first I will demonstrate this to you from worldly affairs. Wills and deeds concerning marriages, concerning debts, concerning other contracts, if they do not have the times of the consulate written beforehand at the top, are destitute of all their proper force. For this is what is strong in them, this removes disputes, this sets one free from law courts and makes enemies friends. For this reason those who write these things, like a lamp on a lampstand, so they prefix the consulate upon the face of the documents, so that everything written below might be made clear. And if you take this away, you have taken away the light and filled everything with darkness and great confusion. For this reason every giving and receiving, whether with friends, or with enemies, or with servants, or with guardians and stewards, requires this security, and everywhere we write down below the months and years and days. If, then, in worldly matters the force of this thing is so great, in spiritual matters it is much greater and more useful. For this is what shows prophecies to be prophecies. For prophecy is nothing else than the foretelling of future events. Therefore, how will he who is ignorant of the times of what was spoken or what came to pass be able to show to the contentious the dignity of the prophecy? From this come our struggles and victories against the Greeks, when we show that our things are older than theirs; from this also we have many proofs against the Jews concerning the truth; against the Jews, the wretched and miserable, who through ignorance of the times fell into the greatest error. For if they had heard the patriarch saying: "A ruler shall not fail from Judah, nor a leader from

11

ζητουμένων ἐστὶν εὕρεσις. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ καὶ τὰ μέταλλα γῆ καὶ τὸ χρυσίον οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστιν ἢ γῆ καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τῆς φύσεως τῶν ζητουμένων κλέπτει τὰς ὄψεις, ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐδὲ οὕτως ἀφίστανται ἐκεῖνοι, ἀλλὰ πᾶσαν ἀκρίβειαν ἐπιδείκνυνται· καίτοι γε ὁρῶντες ἴσασιν, τί μὲν ὄντως γῆ, τί δὲ ὄντως χρυσίον. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς Γραφῆς οὐκ ἔστιν οὕτως. Οὐ γὰρ μετὰ τῆς γῆς ἀναμεμιγμένον πρόκειται τὸ χρυσίον, ἀλλὰ καθαρὸν χρυσίον ἐστίν, "ἀργύριον πεπυρωμένον, δοκίμιον τῇ γῇ". Οὐ γάρ ἐστι μέταλλα κατεργασίας δεόμενα αἱ Γραφαί, ἀλλὰ θησαυρὸν ἕτοιμον παρέχουσι τοῖς ζητοῦσι τὸν πλοῦτον τὸν ἐξ αὐτῶν. Ἀρκεῖ γὰρ παρακῦψαι μόνον καὶ πάσης ἐμπλησθέντας ὠφελείας ἀπελθεῖν· ἀρκεῖ μόνον ἀνοῖξαι καὶ τῶν λίθων εὐθέως θεωρῆσαι τὰς μαρμαρυγάς. Ταῦτα δέ μοι οὐχ ἁπλῶς εἴρηται, οὐδὲ εἰκῇ ἐξέτεινα τὸν λόγον, ἀλλ' ἐπειδή τινές εἰσιν ἄνθρωποι βάναυσοι, οἵ, ἐπειδὰν τὰς θείας μετὰ χεῖρας λάβωσι βίβλους, εἶτα ἀριθμὸν χρόνων ἢ κατάλογον εὕρωσι κείμενον ὀνομάτων, εὐθέως παρατρέχουσιν καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἐγκαλοῦντας λέγουσιν· ὀνόματα μόνον ἐστὶ καὶ οὐδὲν χρήσιμον ἔχει. Τί λέγεις; Ὁ Θεὸς φθέγγεται καὶ σὺ τολμᾷς εἰπεῖν ὅτι οὐδὲν χρήσιμον τῶν εἰρημένων ἐστίν; Εἰ γὰρ ἐπιγραφὴν μόνον ἴδοις ψιλήν, οὐ στήσῃ μετὰ σπουδῆς, εἰπέ μοι, καὶ τὸν κείμενον ἀνερευνήσεις πλοῦτον; Καὶ τί λέγω χρόνους καὶ ὀνόματα καὶ ἐπιγραφάς; Μάθε ὅσον ἰσχύει καὶ στοιχείου προσθήκη ἑνὸς μόνου, καὶ παῦσαι ὁλοκλήρων καταφρονῶν ὀνομάτων. Ὁ πατριάρχης ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ ἡμῖν γὰρ μᾶλλον ἢ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις προσῆκεν οὗτος Ἀβρὰμ τὸ πρῶτον ἐκαλεῖτο, ὅπερ ἑρμηνευόμενόν ἐστι περάτης· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα, Ἀβραὰμ μετονομασθεὶς πατὴρ ἐγένετο πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν, καὶ ἑνὸς προσθήκη στοιχείου τοσαύτην τῷ δικαίῳ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐνεχείρισεν. Καθάπερ γὰρ οἱ βασιλεῖς τοῖς ἑαυτῶν ὑπάρχοις χρυσᾶς ὀρέγουσι δέλτους, σύμβολον τῆς ἀρχῆς· οὕτω καὶ Θεὸς τότε τῷ δικαίῳ ἐκείνῳ σύμβολον τῆς τιμῆς δέδωκε τὸ στοιχεῖον.

2.3 Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν ὀνομάτων ἐν ἑτέρῳ καιρῷ διηγήσομαι· ὅσον δὲ τῶν χρόνων τὸ κέρδος ἐστὶ γινωσκομένων καὶ ὅσον τὸ βλάβος ἀγνοουμένων, ἀναγκαῖον εἰπεῖν. Καὶ πρῶτόν γε ἀπὸ τῶν βιωτικῶν ὑμῖν ἐπιδείξομαι πραγμάτων. Αἱ διαθῆκαι καὶ τὰ γραμματεῖα τὰ περὶ γάμων, τὰ περὶ ὀφλημάτων, τὰ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων συμβολαίων, ἐὰν μὴ τῆς ὑπατείας τοὺς χρόνους ἄνωθεν ἔχῃ προγεγραμμένους, πάσης ἔρημα τῆς οἰκείας ἐστὶ δυνάμεως. Τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ἐν ἐκείνοις τὸ ἰσχυρόν, τοῦτο τὰς ἀμφισβητήσεις ἀναιρεῖ, τοῦτο δικαστηρίων ἀπαλλάττει καὶ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς φίλους ποιεῖ. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οἱ ταῦτα γράφοντες, ὥσπερ λύχνον ἐπὶ λυχνίας, οὕτως ἐπὶ τοῦ μετώπου τῶν γραμμάτων προτυποῦσι τὴν ὑπατείαν, ἵνα πάντα τὰ κάτω φαίνῃ γεγραμμένα. Κἂν ταῦτα ἀνέλῃς, ἀνεῖλες τὸ φῶς καὶ πάντα σκότους καὶ πολλῆς ἐνέπλησας ταραχῆς. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο πᾶσα δόσις καὶ λῆψις, κἂν πρὸς φίλους, κἂν πρὸς ἐχθρούς, κἂν πρὸς οἰκέτας, κἂν πρὸς ἐπιτρόπους καὶ οἰκονόμους γίγνηται, ταύτης δεῖται τῆς ἀσφαλείας, καὶ πανταχοῦ καὶ μῆνας καὶ ἐνιαυτοὺς καὶ ἡμέρας κάτωθεν παραγράφομεν. Εἰ οὖν ἐπὶ τῶν βιωτικῶν τοσαύτη τοῦ πράγματος ἡ ἰσχύς, ἐπὶ τῶν πνευματικῶν πολλῷ μείζων καὶ χρησιμωτέρα. Τὰς γὰρ προφητείας τοῦτο δείκνυσι προφητείας. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἄλλο τί ποτέ ἐστι προφητεία, ἀλλ' ἢ τῶν μελλόντων πραγμάτων προαναφώνησις. Ὁ τοίνυν τοὺς καιροὺς ἀγνοῶν τῶν εἰρημένων ἢ τῶν ἐκβάντων, πῶς δυνήσεται δεῖξαι τῷ φιλονεικοῦντι τὸ τῆς προφητείας ἀξίωμα; Ἐντεῦθεν ἡμῖν καὶ ὁ πρὸς Ἕλληνας ἀγῶνες καὶ νῖκαι, ὅταν πρεσβύτερα ἀποφαίνωμεν τὰ ἡμέτερα τῶν παρ' ἐκείνοις· ἐντεῦθεν ἡμῖν καὶ πρὸς Ἰουδαίους ἀποδείξεις πολλαὶ περὶ τῆς ἀληθείας εἰσίν· πρὸς Ἰουδαίους τοὺς ἀθλίους καὶ ταλαιπώρους, οἳ διὰ τὴν τῶν χρόνων ἄγνοιαν τὸ μέγιστον σφάλμα ἐσφάλησαν. Εἰ γὰρ ἤκουσαν τοῦ πατριάρχου λέγοντος· "Οὐκ ἐκλείψει ἄρχων ἐξ Ἰούδα, οὐδὲ ἡγούμενος ἐκ