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I said "mortal," and it was excessive in respect to the things, for not only is man a rational animal but also an angel, and it is not convertible. But if I say "rational, mortal, literate animal," again it is not convertible; for it was excessive in the expression by saying "literate," but deficient in respect to the things. For it did not define every man, but only the literate ones. For every rational, mortal, literate animal is a man, but not every man is a rational, mortal, literate animal; for not every man is literate. 15 Concerning homonyms. Homonyms are things that share a name, but differ in definition or description. For example, the name "dog" is homonymous, and it signifies the land dog and the sea dog; but the land one has one definition and the sea one another, since their nature is also different. They describe homonyms thus: Homonyms are things of which only the name is common, but the account of the essence corresponding to the name is different. Here he called the definition and the description "account"; and he said "corresponding to the name" indicating that the definition of the name itself, by which they become homonyms, is different. For example, the land dog and the sea dog are homonymous with respect to the name "dog"; for if someone wishes to give the definition of the land dog and the sea dog, by which each of them is called "dog," he gives one definition for the land one and a different one for the sea one. It is possible, however, for them to share again in a definition and a name; for both are called animals and they accept the definition of animal, but they are not homonymous with respect to the name "animal," but rather synonymous. Concerning homonyms, one must investigate three things: if it is a homonym, and how many meanings it carries, and about which meaning the question has been raised. 16 Concerning synonyms. Synonyms are those things which share in both the name and the definition or description of the same name, for example "animal" signifies both man and horse, and with respect to this name, that is, "animal," they are synonymous; for each of them accepts both the name and the definition of animal. They describe synonyms thus: Synonyms are things of which both the name is common and the account of the essence corresponding to the name is the same. 17 Concerning polyonyms. Polyonyms are those things which share in the definition, but differ in name, that is, when the same thing is called by many names, for example phasganon, aor, spathe, machaira, xiphos; for all these names admit one definition, namely "two-edged iron," that is, iron sharpened on both sides. They describe polyonyms thus: Several names said of one principal thing. 18 Concerning different things and heteronyms. Those things that differ in both, that is, in name and definition, either have one subject and are called heteronyms, as "ascent" and "descent," for they have one subject, the ladder, or they do not have one subject and are called different things, as substance and accident; for these have both a different name and a different description and do not have one subject. Of both of these, the heteronyms and the different things, the description is this: Of which both the name and the definition are different.

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εἶπον «θνητόν», καὶ ἐπλεόνασε τοῖς πράγμασιν, οὐ γὰρ μόνος ἐστὶν ἄνθρωπος ζῷον λογικὸν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄγγελος, καὶ οὐκ ἀντιστρέφει. Ἐὰν δὲ εἴπω «ζῷον λογικόν, θνητόν, γραμματικόν», πάλιν οὐκ ἀντιστρέφει· ἐπλεόνασε γὰρ τῇ λέξει διὰ τοῦ εἰπεῖν «γραμματικόν», ἔλειψε δὲ τοῖς πράγμασιν. Οὐ πάντα γὰρ ἄνθρωπον ὡρίσατο, ἀλλ' ἦ μόνον τοὺς γραμματικούς. Πᾶν μὲν γὰρ ζῷον λογικόν, θνητόν, γραμματικὸν ἄνθρωπός ἐστιν, οὐ πᾶς δὲ ἄνθρωπος ζῷον λογικόν, θνητόν, γραμματικόν ἐστιν· οὐ γὰρ πᾶς ἄνθρωπος γραμματικός ἐστι. 15 Περὶ ὁμωνύμων. Ὁμώνυμα μέν εἰσι τὰ τῷ ὀνόματι κοινωνοῦντα, τῷ δὲ ὁρισμῷ ἢ τῇ ὑπογραφῇ διαφέροντα. Οἷον τὸ κύων ὄνομα ὁμώνυμόν ἐστι, δηλοῖ δὲ τὸν χερσαῖον καὶ τὸν θαλάσσιον κύνα· ἕτερον δὲ ὁρισμὸν ἔχει ὁ χερσαῖος καὶ ἕτερον ὁ θαλάσσιος, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἑτέρα φύσις καὶ ἑτέρα. Ὑπογράφουσι δὲ τὰ ὁμώνυμα οὕτως· Ὁμώνυμά εἰσιν, ὧν ὄνομα μόνον κοινόν, ὁ δὲ κατὰ τοὔνομα λόγος τῆς οὐσίας ἕτερος. Λόγον ἐνταῦθα τὸν ὁρισμὸν εἶπε καὶ τὴν ὑπογραφήν· κατὰ τοὔνομα δὲ εἶπε δηλῶν ἕτερον εἶναι τὸν ὁρισμὸν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος, καθ' ὃν γίνονται ὁμώνυμα. Οἷον ὁ χερσαῖος καὶ ὁ θαλάσσιος κύων κατὰ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ κυνός εἰσιν ὁμώνυμοι· εἰ γὰρ θελήσει τις τὸν ὁρισμὸν τοῦ χερσαίου κυνὸς ἀποδοῦναι καὶ τοῦ θαλασσίου, καθ' ὃ κύων καλεῖται ἑκάτερος αὐτῶν, ἄλλον ὁρισμὸν ἀποδίδωσι τῷ χερσαίῳ καὶ τῷ θαλασσίῳ ἕτερον. Ἐνδέχεται δὲ αὐτοὺς καὶ κοινωνεῖν τῷ ὁρισμῷ πάλιν καὶ τῷ ὀνόματι· ζῷα γὰρ λέγονται ἀμφότερα καὶ τὸν ὁρισμὸν τοῦ ζῴου δέχονται, ἀλλ' οὔκ εἰσι κατὰ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ζῴου ὁμώνυμοι ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον συνώνυμοι. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ὁμωνύμων τρία δεῖ ζητεῖν· εἰ ἔστι τῶν ὁμωνύμων καὶ κατὰ πόσων σημαινομένων φέρεται καὶ περὶ ποίου σημαινομένου ἡ ἐρώτησις γέγονεν. 16 Περὶ συνωνύμου. Συνώνυμα δέ εἰσιν, ὅσα καὶ τῷ ὀνόματι καὶ τῷ ὁρισμῷ ἢ τῇ ὑπογραφῇ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ὀνόματος κοινωνοῦσιν, οἷον τὸ ζῷον δηλοῖ καὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ τὸν ἵππον, καὶ κατὰ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο ἤγουν τοῦ ζῴου συνώνυμοί εἰσιν· ἕκαστον γὰρ αὐτῶν καὶ τὸ ὄνομα καὶ τὸν ὁρισμὸν τοῦ ζῴου δέχεται. Ὑπογράφουσι δὲ τὰ συνώνυμα οὕτως· Συνώνυμά εἰσιν, ὧν τό τε ὄνομα κοινὸν καὶ ὁ κατὰ τοὔνομα λόγος τῆς οὐσίας ὁ αὐτός. 17 Περὶ πολυωνύμων. Πολυώνυμα δέ εἰσιν, ὅσα τῷ μὲν ὁρισμῷ κοινωνοῦσι, τῷ δὲ ὀνόματι διαφέρουσιν, ἤγουν ὅτε τὸ αὐτὸ πρᾶγμα πολλοῖς καλεῖται ὀνόμασιν οἷον φάσγανον, ἄορ, σπάθη, μάχαιρα, ξίφος· πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα ἕνα ὅρον ἐπιδέχονται, ἤγουν σίδηρος ἀμφήκης τουτέστιν σίδηρος ἀμφοτέρωθεν ἠκονημένος. Ὑπογράφουσι δὲ τὰ πολυώνυμα οὕτω· Πλεῖστα ὀνόματα καθ' ἑνὸς κυρίου λεγόμενα. 18 Περὶ ἑτέρων καὶ ἑτερωνύμων. Τὰ δὲ κατ' ἄμφω ἤγουν τῷ ὀνόματι καὶ τῷ ὁρισμῷ διαφέροντα ἢ ἓν ὑποκείμενον ἔχουσι καὶ λέγεται ἑτερώνυμα ὡς ἀνάβασις καὶ κατάβασις, ἔχουσι γὰρ ἓν ὑποκείμενον, τὴν κλίμακα, ἢ οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἓν ὑποκείμενον καὶ λέγονται ἕτερα ὡς οὐσία καὶ συμβεβηκός· ταῦτα γὰρ καὶ ἕτερον ὄνομα ἔχουσι καὶ ἑτέραν ὑπογραφὴν καὶ οὐδὲ ἔχουσιν ἓν ὑποκείμενον. Τούτων δὲ ἀμφοτέρων, τῶν τε ἑτερωνύμων καὶ τῶν ἑτέρων, ὑπογραφὴ αὕτη· Ὧν τό τε ὄνομα καὶ ὁ ὅρος ἕτερος.