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bonds and as many as we know were present. But those who possessed fruitful property turned them away; whence they received the name of the glebe, because the Romans call the smooth land, that is, the fruitful, gleba. For the scrinium of works, which did not exist from the beginning, Augustus assigned to the office, when he was erecting the basilica in Rome, as Tranquillus said learnedly. But when the aforementioned magistrates were raised to arrogance and behaved tyrannically, the people, being disturbed, left the city and dwelt around the hill called the Aventine; and the place draws its name from one of the Heraclidae, as the poet of the Romans has handed down and the people stayed there, being indignant for many reasons, but especially on account of Verginius and his daughter who had recently been violated. And I think the story is well known. 35 These then were the magistrates, unless one should also wish to count among the magistrates those called among them pontifices, that is, temple-keeping high priests; for by their opinion and judgment the ancients wrote the laws and regulated prices; whence it happens that the market-overseers are still even now called aediles, because the Romans call the temples aedes. But after the expulsion of the kings and the appointment of the consuls, when disturbances arose, as has been said 54 by the writers of either language, for nearly fifty years military tribunes directed affairs; then for a period of five years the state suffered anarchy; and for the rest, it happened that three lawgivers and judges were appointed for a short time on account of the civil strifes.

THE FIFTH APPOINTMENT, CALLED THE DICTATORSHIP

Thus, then, as affairs were troubled for the Romans, it was pleasing to appoint the so-called dictator; since "the rule of many is not a good thing." Therefore they were troubled by two cares, both fearing the name of kings, lest they should unwittingly fall again upon new Tarquins, and lest they should be torn apart by many and discordant magistrates. Therefore it seemed good to them, as has been said, to appoint the so-called dictator, that is, an interrex, his power being limited to only six months. And for now it seems to me fitting to explain the name of dictator to the Greeks. For the Romans in their native tongue thus call the temporary monarch, who does not govern the affairs of his subjects by written laws, since he ceases from his office in a short time. For they call the authority dictatura, not that which is absolute, but that which is given for a short time for the benefit of affairs, so that, when the unsettled matters have been corrected by word alone, for the rest, the one appointed returns to his former station. For as soon as the dictator cured the ills, he ceased from his office. 37 The Romans therefore first elect Titus Marcius as dictator, who as soon as he took up the office, at once appointed two consuls. However, he did not set a time in which the consuls should be elected; for it is a more recent thing for the consul to take office in the month of January 56. And he entrusted the consular honor for only one year, since the Romans everywhere delight in alternations. And all the symbols of kingship were present for the dictator, except for a crown; both the twelve axes, the purple and the chair and the spears and as many insignia as the kings were known by. And he first appointed Spurius Cassius as master of the horse, his own subordinate, just as Romulus appointed Celerius tribune of the knights. And long rods without crests went before him, which custom is still observed even now, although it is not understood. For when the generals of the cavalry are in motion, lictors no longer go before them, as of old, but behind them one spear-bearer is accustomed to carry long rods bound together smoothly, not even himself knowing the reason

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δεσμὰ καὶ ὅσα ἴσμεν παρῆν. ἀπέτρεφον δὲ αὐτοὺς οἱ κτῆσιν εὔφορον κεκτημένοι· ὅθεν τὸ γλήβης προσέλαβον ὄνομα, ὅτι γλῆβαν τὴν λείαν γῆν, ἀντὶ τοῦ τὴν κάρπιμον, οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσιν. τὸ γὰρ τῶν ἔργων σκρινίον οὐκ ὂν ἀπ' ἀρχῆς ὁ Αὔγουστος προσένειμε τῇ ἀρχῇ, τὴν ἐν τῇ Ῥώμῃ βασιλικὴν ἀνεγείρων, ὡς ὁ Τράγκυλλος εἶπε φιλολόγως. τῶν δὲ εἰρημένων ἀρχόντων πρὸς ἀλαζονείαν ἀρθέντων καὶ τυραννικῶς διαγινομένων, ταραχθεὶς ὁ δῆμος τὴν πόλιν ἀπέλιπε καὶ περὶ τὸν βουνὸν τὸν λεγόμενον Ἀβεντῖνον ᾤκησεν ὁ δὲ τόπος ἕλκει τὴν προσηγορίαν ἐξ ἑνὸς τῶν Ἡρακλειδῶν, ὡς ὁ Ῥωμαίων ποιητὴς παραδέδωκεν καὶ διέτριβεν ἐκεῖ ὁ δῆμος ἀγανακτῶν πλείστων μὲν ἕνεκα, ἐξαιρέτως δὲ Βεργινίου χάριν καὶ τῆς αὐτοῦ παιδὸς ἔναγχος βιασθέντων. τὴν δὲ ἱστορίαν οἶμαι πρόδηλον εἶναι. 35 Ἄρχοντες μὲν οὗτοι, πλὴν εἰ μή τις καὶ τοὺς λεγομένους παρ' αὐτοῖς ποντίφικας, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀρχιερεῖς νεωκόρους, εἰς ἄρχοντας ἀριθμεῖν ἐθελήσοι· γνώμῃ γὰρ αὐτῶν καὶ κρίσει τοὺς νόμους ἔγραφον οἱ ἀρχαῖοι καὶ τὰ ὤνια διετύπουν· ὅθεν αεδιλες τοὺς ἀγορανόμους ἔτι καὶ νῦν συμβαίνει καλεῖσθαι, καθ' ὃ τοὺς ναοὺς οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι αἴδης καλοῦσιν. μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐκβολὴν τῶν ῥηγῶν καὶ προβολὴν τῶν ὑπάτων, θορύβων ἐνισταμένων, ὡς εἴρηται 54 τοῖς συγγραφεῦσιν ἑκατέρας φωνῆς, ἐπὶ πεντήκοντα σύνεγγυς ἐνιαυτοὺς χιλίαρχοι τῶν πραγμάτων ἐξηγήσαντο· εἶτα ἐπὶ πενταετίαν ἀναρχίαν ἐδυστύχει τὸ πολίτευμα· καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν τρεῖς νομοθέτας καὶ δικαστὰς προβληθῆναι πρὸς βραχὺ συμβέβηκε διὰ τὰς ἐμφυλίους στάσεις.

ΠΈΜΠΤΗ ΠΡΟΑΓΩΓῊ Ἡ ΛΕΓΟΜΈΝΗ ∆ΙΚΤΑΤΟΥ͂ΡΑ

Οὕτως οὖν Ῥωμαίοις ταραττομένων τῶν πραγμάτων συνήρεσε τὸν καλούμενον προστήσασθαι δικτάτωρα· ἐπεὶ «οὐκ ἀγαθὸν πολυκοιρανίη.» δισσαῖς οὖν ταῖς φροντίσιν ἐταλαιπώρουν, καὶ τὸ βασιλέων δεδιότες ὄνομα, μὴ λάθοιεν αὖθις Ταρκυνίοις καινοῖς περιπίπτοντες ἢ πολλοῖς καὶ μὴ συμφωνοῦσιν ἄρχουσι διασπαθιζόμενοι. ἔδοξε τοιγαροῦν αὐτοῖς, ὡς εἴρηται, τὸν καλούμενον δικτάτωρα, ἀντὶ τοῦ μεσοβασιλέα, προστήσασθαι, ἓξ καὶ μόνοις μησὶ τοῦ κράτους αὐτῷ περιγραφομένου. καὶ τέως ἁρμόδιον εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ ἑρμηνεῦσαι τοῖς Ἕλλησι τὸ δικτάτωρος ὄνομα. πατρίως τοίνυν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸν ἐπὶ καιρὸν μονάρχην οὕτω καλοῦσι, τὸν μὴ νόμων γραφαῖς τὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων διατιθέντα προϊστάμενα, οἷα ἐν βραχεῖ τῆς ἀρχῆς παυόμενον. δικτατοῦραν γὰρ τὴν ἐξουσίαν αὐτοὶ καλοῦσιν οὐ τὴν καθ' ὅλου ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ λυσιτελοῦν τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐπὶ χρόνου βραχὺν διδομένην, ὥστε, λόγῳ καὶ μόνῳ διορθωθέντων τῶν μὴ καθεστηκότων, τὸ λοιπὸν τὸν προαγόμενον εἰς τὴν προτέραν τύχην ἀναστρέφειν. ἅμα γὰρ τὰ πεπονηκότα ἐθεράπευσεν ὁ δικτάτωρ, ἅμα τῆς ἀρχῆς ἀπεπαύσατο. 37 Χειροτονοῦσι τοίνυν δικτάτωρα πρῶτον οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι Τίτον Μάρκιον, ὃς ἅμα τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐπελάβετο ἅμα δύο ὑπάτους προεστήσατο. οὐ μὴν χρόνον ὥρισεν, καθ' ὃν ἂν χειροτονοῖντο οἱ ὕπατοι· νεώτερον γάρ ἐστι τὸ κατὰ τὸν Ἰανουάριον μῆνα 56 προϊέναι τὸν ὕπατον. ἐνιαυτῷ δὲ μόνῳ τὴν ὕπατον ἐπίστευσε τιμήν, πανταχοῦ Ῥωμαίων ταῖς ἐναλλαγαῖς χαιρόντων. πάντα δὲ τὰ τῆς βασιλείας σύμβολα παρῆν τῷ δικτάτωρι στεφάνου χωρίς· οἵ τε δυοκαίδεκα πελέκεις, πορφύρα καὶ σέλλα καὶ δόρατα καὶ ὅσοις ἐπισήμοις οἱ ῥῆγες ἐγνωρίζοντο. ἱππάρχην τε πρῶτον Σπούριον Κάσιον ὕπαρχον ἑαυτῷ προεβάλετο, καθάπερ Ῥωμύλος τὸν Κελέριον τριβοῦνον τῶν ἱππέων. ἡγοῦντο δὲ αὐτῷ ῥάβδοι ἐπιμήκεις λοφιῶν χωρίς, ὅπερ ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἔθος καίπερ ἠγνοημένον φυλάττεται. κινουμένοις γὰρ τοῖς τῶν ἱππέων στρατηγοῖς οὐκέτι μὲν ῥαβδοῦχοι ἡγοῦνται αὐτῶν, ὡς τὸ πάλαι, ἐξόπισθεν δὲ δορυφόρος εἷς ῥάβδους ἐπιμήκεις καθ' ὁμαλοῦ συνδήσας εἴωθεν ἐπιφέρεσθαι, οὐδὲ αὐτὸς εἰδὼς τὴν αἰτίαν