they do away with sayings, also using the one: “The sinners were estranged from the womb,” spoken in the psalms. Now to this it is easy to reply, by asking about the next phrase; for it is written: “The sinners were estranged from the womb, they went astray from the belly, they spoke lies; their wrath is after the likeness of the serpent.” And we will indeed ask those who rely on the phrase as if it were clear, whether the sinners who were estranged from the womb, as soon as they came out of their mother's belly, went astray and erred from the saving way, having themselves been active in this. How did the sinners who were estranged from the womb go astray from the belly and speak lies? For they will not indeed show that as soon as they were born they uttered articulate speech, speaking some falsehood. But if we attend to the things said before about predestination in the epistle under examination, we will be able, having demolished the things that distract the simpler ones towards the acceptance of the doctrine that accuses God of injustice, to make a defense concerning him who separates from the mother’s womb and separates for the gospel of God the servant of Jesus Christ, the called apostle Paul. And the sayings are as follows: “And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose. For whom he foreknew, he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brothers. And whom he predestined, these he also called; and whom he called, these he also justified; and whom he justified, these he also glorified.” 25.2 Let us therefore attend to the order of what is said. For God justifies having first called, not justifying those whom he has not called; and he calls having predestined before the calling, not calling those whom he has not predestined; and for him the beginning of the calling and of the justification is not predestination; for if this were the beginning of what follows, then those who introduce the absurd argument about natures would most plausibly prevail; but foreknowledge is higher than predestination; “For whom he foreknew,” he says, “he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son.” Therefore, God, having gazed beforehand at the series of future events, and having perceived the inclination of the free will of certain ones towards piety and the impulse towards this after the inclination, and how they will give themselves wholly to living according to virtue, he foreknew them, knowing the present things and foreknowing the future things; and those whom he thus foreknew, he predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son. There is then a Son of God, being the image of the invisible God, and an image of this one is the so-called image of the Son of God; which I think is the human soul that the Son of God assumed, which became through its virtue an image of the image of God. And of this, which we think to be the image of the image of [the Son of] God, God predestined those to become conformed, whom he predestined because of his foreknowledge concerning them. Therefore, the foreknowledge of God must not be thought to be the cause of future events; but since it was going to happen according to the particular impulses of the one doing it, for this reason he foreknew, “knowing all things before their genesis”; and as knowing all things before their genesis, he foreknew certain ones and predestined them to be conformed to the image of his Son, but others he saw estranged. But if someone should object to these things, whether it is possible for things not to happen which God foreknew would be such, we will say that it is indeed possible for them not to happen; but if it is possible for them not to happen, it is not necessary for them not to happen or to happen; and it does not happen entirely by necessity, but it being possible also for them not to happen. And the topic concerning things possible belongs to logical skill and theory, so that he who has cleansed the eye of his soul might be able, by following the subtlety of the proofs, to understand how even in the case of chance things, the possibility for something to be in many ways is not hindered, one of the many being the thing that will be, and it will not be by necessity; and it having been foreknown in this way, that it will be, but it will not be by necessity, but it being possible for it not to happen, that which was not spoken stochastically but was truly foreknown will be. 25.3 But let no one think that we have been silent about “According to purpose” as if

ἀναιροῦσι ῥητῶν, συγχρώμενοι καὶ τῷ· «Ἀπηλλοτριώθησαν οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀπὸ μήτρας» ἐν ψαλμοῖς εἰρημένῳ. Πρὸς μὲν οὖν τοῦτο εὐχερῶς ἔστιν ἀπαντῆσαι, ἐρωτῶντας περὶ τῆς ἑξῆς λέξεως· γέγραπται γάρ· «Ἀπηλλοτριώθησαν οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀπὸ μήτρας, ἐπλανήθησαν ἀπὸ γαστρός, ἐλάλησαν ψευδῆ· θυμὸς αὐτοῖς κατὰ τὴν ὁμοίωσιν τοῦ ὄφεως.» Καὶ πευσόμεθά γε τῶν ὡς σαφεῖ τῇ λέξει ἐπι βαινόντων, εἰ οἱ ἀπαλλοτριωθέντες ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀπὸ μήτρας ἅμα τῷ ἐξελθεῖν ἀπὸ γαστρὸς τῆς μητρὸς αὐτῶν ἐπλανή θησαν καὶ τῆς σῳζούσης ὁδοῦ ἐσφάλησαν, αὐτοὶ εἰς τοῦτο ἐνεργήσαντες. Πῶς δὲ οἱ ἀπαλλοτριωθέντες ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀπὸ μήτρας ἀπὸ γαστρὸς ἐπλανήθησάν τε καὶ ἐλάλησαν ψευδῆ; Οὐ γὰρ δὴ δείξουσιν ὅτι ἅμα τῷ γεννηθῆναι ἔναρθρον φωνὴν προήκαντο, ψευδῆ τινὰ προφερόμενοι. Ἀλλ' εἰ προσέχομεν τοῖς προτεταγμένοις τοῦ προορισμοῦ ἐν τῇ ἐξεταζομένῃ ἐπιστολῇ λεγομένοις, δυνησόμεθα, τὰ περισπῶντα τοὺς ἁπλουστέρους πρὸς παραδοχὴν τοῦ ἀδικίαν κατηγοροῦντος κατὰ τοῦ θείου δόγματος καθελόντες, ἀπολογήσασθαι περὶ τοῦ ἐκ κοιλίας μητρὸς ἀφορίζοντος καὶ εἰς εὐαγγέλιον θεοῦ ἀφορίζοντος τὸν δοῦλον Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ κλητὸν ἀπόστολον Παῦλον. Οὕτω δὲ ἔχει τὰ ῥητά· «Οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι τοῖς ἀγαπῶσι τὸν θεὸν πάντα συνεργεῖ εἰς ἀγαθόν, τοῖς κατὰ πρόθεσιν κλητοῖς οὖσιν, ὅτι οὓς προέγνω, καὶ προώρισεν συμμόρφους τῆς εἰκόνος τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν πρωτότοκον ἐν πολλοῖς ἀδελφοῖς· οὓς δὲ προώρισεν, τούτους καὶ ἐκάλεσεν· καὶ οὓς ἐκάλεσεν, τούτους καὶ ἐδικαίωσεν· οὓς δὲ ἐδικαίωσεν, τούτους καὶ ἐδόξασεν.» 25.2 Πρόσχωμεν οὖν τῇ τάξει τῶν λεγομένων. ∆ικαιοῖ γὰρ ὁ θεὸς καλέσας πρότερον, οὐκ ἂν δικαιώσας οὓς μὴ ἐκάλεσεν· καλεῖ δὲ πρὸ τῆς κλήσεως προορίσας, οὐκ ἂν καλέσας οὓς μὴ προώρισεν· καὶ ἔστιν αὐτῷ ἀρχὴ τῆς κλήσεως καὶ τῆς δικαιώσεως οὐχ ὁ προορισμός· οὗτος γὰρ εἰ ἦν ἀρχὴ τῶν ἑξῆς, κἂν πιθανώτατα ἐκράτουν οἱ παρεισάγοντες τὸν περὶ φύσεων ἄτοπον λόγον· ἀνωτέρω δέ ἐστι τοῦ προορισμοῦ ἡ πρόγνωσις· «Οὓς γὰρ προέγνω, φησί, καὶ προώρισεν συμμόρφους τῆς εἰκόνος τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ.» Προενατενίσας οὖν ὁ θεὸς τῷ εἱρμῷ τῶν ἐσομένων, καὶ κατανοήσας ῥοπὴν τοῦ ἐφ' ἡμῖν τῶνδέ τινων ἐπὶ εὐσέβειαν καὶ ὁρμὴν ἐπὶ ταύτην μετὰ τὴν ῥοπήν, καὶ ὡς ὅλοι ἑαυτοὺς ἐπιδώσουσι τῷ κατ' ἀρετὴν ζῇν, προέγνω αὐτούς, γινώσκων μὲν τὰ ἐνιστάμενα προγινώσκων δὲ τὰ μέλλοντα· καὶ οὓς οὕτω προέγνω, προώρισεν συμμόρφους ἐσομένους τῆς εἰκόνος τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ. Ἔστιν οὖν τις ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, εἰκὼν τυγχάνων τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ἀοράτου, καὶ τούτου εἰκὼν ἡ λεγομένη εἰκὼν τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ· ἥντινα νομίζω εἶναι ἣν ἀνέλαβεν ψυχὴν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ἀνθρωπίνην, γενομένην διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν τῆς εἰκόνος τοῦ θεοῦ εἰκόνα. Ταύτης δέ, ἣν οἰόμεθα εἰκόνος εἰκόνα εἶναι [τοῦ υἱοῦ] τοῦ θεοῦ, συμμόρφους προώρισεν γενέσθαι ὁ θεός, οὓς διὰ τὴν περὶ αὐτῶν πρόγνωσιν προώρισεν. Οὐ νομιστέον τοίνυν εἶναι τῶν ἐσομένων αἰτίαν τὴν πρόγνωσιν τοῦ θεοῦ· ἀλλ' ἐπεὶ ἔμελλεν γίνεσθαι κατ' ἰδίας ὁρμὰς τοῦ ποιοῦντος, διὰ τοῦτο προέγνω, «εἰδὼς τὰ πάντα πρὸ γενέσεως αὐτῶν»· καὶ ὡς εἰδὼς τὰ πάντα πρὸ γενέσεως αὐτῶν τούσδε μέν τινας προέγνω καὶ προώρισεν συμμόρφους ἐσομένους τῆς εἰκόνος τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, ἄλλους δὲ εἶδεν ἀπηλλοτριωμένους. Ἐὰν δέ τις ἀνθυποφέρῃ πρὸς ταῦτα, εἰ δυνατόν ἐστι μὴ γενέσθαι ἃ τοιάδε ἔσεσθαι προεγίνωσκεν ὁ θεός, φήσομεν ὅτι δυνατὸν μὲν μὴ γενέσθαι· οὐχὶ δέ, εἰ δυνατὸν μὴ γενέσθαι, ἀνάγκη μὴ γενέσθαι ἢ γενέσθαι· καὶ γίνεται οὐ πάντως ἐξ ἀνάγκης, ἀλλὰ δυνατοῦ ὄντος καὶ τοῦ αὐτὰ μὴ γενέσθαι. Τῆς δὲ λογικῆς ἔχεται ἐντρεχείας καὶ θεωρίας ὁ περὶ δυνατῶν τόπος, ἵνα ὁ σμήξας ἑαυτοῦ τὸ ὄμμα τῆς ψυχῆς δυνηθῇ τῇ λεπτότητι τῶν ἀποδείξεων παρακολουθήσας κατανοῆσαι, πῶς μέχρι καὶ τῶν τυχόντων οὐκ ἐμποδίζεται τὸ εἶναί τι εἰς πολλὰ δυνατόν, ἑνὸς ἐκ τῶν πολλῶν ὄντος τοῦ ἐσομένου, καὶ οὐ κατὰ ἀνάγκην ἐσομένου· προεγνωσμένου τε οὑτωσί, ὅτι ἔσται μὲν οὐκ ἐξ ἀνάγκης δὲ ἔσται, ἀλλ' ἐνδεχομένου τυγχάνοντος τοῦ μὴ γενέσθαι, ἔσται τὸ οὐ στοχαστικῶς εἰρημένον ἀλλ' ἀληθῶς προεγνωσμένον. 25.3 Μὴ νομιζέτω δέ τις ἡμᾶς τὸ Κατὰ πρόθεσιν σεσιωπη κέναι ὡς