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of the image of corruptible man, and of birds and four-footed beasts and creeping things; wherefore God also gave them up to dishonorable passions. For having first suffered in their soul from the irrationality of their pleasures, as I said before, they fell into such fashioning of gods; and having fallen, henceforth, as given over when God turned away from them, they wallow in these things, and in irrational creatures they represent God the Father of the Word. Concerning which things, the so-called philosophers and scientists among the Greeks, when they are refuted, do not deny that their visible gods are forms and types of men and irrational creatures; but in their defense they say that they have them for this reason, that through them the Divine may answer them and be revealed; for they say it is not possible to know the invisible One otherwise than through such statues and rites. But those who are even more philosophical than these and think they speak more profoundly say that these things have been constructed and fashioned for this reason, for the invocation and manifestation of divine angels and powers, so that through these, being made manifest, they might make known to them concerning the knowledge of God; and that these are like letters for men, which, by encountering them, they are able to know concerning the comprehension of God, from the manifestation of the divine angels which takes place through them. These things they mythologize in this way; for they do not theologize; may it not be so. But if someone should examine the argument with care, he will find their opinion to be no less false than those previously shown.

20 For one might go to them and say with judging truth: How does God answer or make Himself known through these things? Is it because of the material that surrounds them, or because of the form in them? For if it is because of the material, what is the need for the form, and why, before these things were fashioned, did not God appear through all material without distinction? And in vain have they walled around their temples, enclosing one stone or piece of wood or of gold, when the whole earth is filled with the substance of these things. But if the form placed upon it becomes the cause of the divine manifestation, what is the need for the material of gold and the others, and why is God not made manifest rather through the living creatures themselves, of which the carved images are the forms? For the opinion concerning God would have been more beautiful, by the same reasoning, if He appeared through living creatures with souls, both rational and irrational, and were not expected in lifeless and motionless things; in which things they especially work impiety against themselves. For though they detest and turn away from the living creatures by nature—four-footed beasts and birds and creeping things—either because of their wildness or their filth, yet they deify the types of these things which they have carved in stones and wood and gold. But they ought rather to worship the living things themselves than for the types of these to be worshipped in these materials. Or perhaps it is none of these things, neither the form nor the material, that is the cause of God's presence; but only the art combined with knowledge calls forth the Divine, since it happens to be an imitation of nature. But if it is because of the knowledge that the Divine visits the carved images, what again is the need for the material, since the knowledge is in men? For if God is revealed at all because of the art, and for this reason the carved images are worshipped as gods, then the men who are the authors of the art ought to be worshipped and revered, inasmuch as they are also rational and possess the knowledge within themselves.

21 And concerning their second and supposedly more profound defense, one might also say these things in consequence: If these things have not been made by you for the manifestation of God Himself, O Greeks, but for the presence of angels there, why do you make the statues, through which you invoke the powers, better than and superior to the powers themselves that are invoked? For, carving the forms for the sake of the comprehension of God, as you say, you bestow the honor and name of God Himself upon the carved images, thereby committing an unholy deed. For while confessing that the power of God surpasses the littleness of the statues, and for this reason not daring to [invoke] God through them,

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εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου, καὶ πετεινῶν καὶ τετραπόδων καὶ ἑρπετῶν· διὸ καὶ παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς εἰς πάθη ἀτι μίας. προπαθόντες γὰρ τὴν ψυχὴν ταῖς τῶν ἡδονῶν ἀλογίαις, ὡς προεῖπον, ἐπὶ τὴν τοιαύτην θεοπλαστίαν κατέπεσον· καὶ πεσόντες, λοιπὸν ὡς παραδοθέντες ἐν τῷ ἀποστραφῆναι τὸν Θεὸν αὐτοὺς οὕτως ἐν αὐτοῖς κυλίονται, καὶ ἐν ἀλόγοις τὸν τοῦ Λόγου Πατέρα Θεὸν ἀπεικάζουσι. Περὶ ὧν οἱ παρ' Ἕλλησι λεγόμενοι φιλόσοφοι καὶ ἐπιστήμονες, ἐλεγχόμενοι μὲν οὐκ ἀρνοῦνται ἀνθρώπων εἶναι καὶ ἀλόγων μορφὰς καὶ τύπους τοὺς φαινομένους αὐτῶν θεούς· ἀπολογούμενοι δὲ λέγουσι διὰ τοῦτο αὐτοὺς ἔχειν, ἵνα διὰ τούτων τὸ Θεῖον αὐτοῖς ἀποκρίνηται καὶ φαίνηται· οὐκ ἄλλως γὰρ αὐτὸν τὸν ἀόρατον δύνασθαι γνῶναι ἢ διὰ τῶν τοιούτων ἀγαλμάτων καὶ τελετῶν. οἱ δὲ ἔτι τούτων φιλο σοφώτεροι καὶ βαθύτερα λέγειν νομίζοντές φασι διὰ τοῦτο ταῦτα κατεσκευάσθαι καὶ τετυπῶσθαι πρὸς ἐπίκλησιν καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν θείων ἀγγέλων καὶ δυνάμεων, ἵνα διὰ τούτων ἐπιφαινόμενοι γνωρί ζωσιν αὐτοῖς περὶ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ γνώσεως· καὶ εἶναι τούτους ὥσπερ γράμματα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, οἷς ἐντυγχάνοντες δύνανται γινώσκειν περὶ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ καταλήψεως, ἀπὸ τῆς δι' αὐτῶν γινομένης τῶν θείων ἀγγέλων ἐπιφανείας. ταῦτα μὲν οὕτως ἐκεῖνοι μυθολογοῦσιν· οὐ γὰρ θεολογοῦσι· μὴ γένοιτο. ἐὰν δέ τις ἐξετάσῃ τὸν λόγον μετ' ἐπιμελείας, εὑρήσει τούτων οὐκ ἔλαττον τῶν πρότερον δειχθέντων τὴν δόξαν εἶναι ψευδῆ.

20 Εἴποι γὰρ ἄν τις πρὸς αὐτοὺς παρελθὼν ἐπ' ἀληθείᾳ κρινούσῃ· πῶς ἀποκρίνεται ἢ γνωρίζεται Θεὸς διὰ τούτων; πότερον διὰ τὴν περικειμένην αὐτοῖς ὕλην, ἢ διὰ τὴν ἐν αὐτοῖς μορφήν; εἰ μὲν γὰρ διὰ τὴν ὕλην, τίς ἡ χρεία τῆς μορφῆς, καὶ μή, πρὶν πλασθῆναι ταῦτα, διὰ πάσης ἁπλῶς ὕλης ἐπιφαίνεσθαι τὸν Θεόν; μάτην δὲ καὶ τοὺς ναοὺς οὗτοι περιετείχισαν, συγκλείοντες ἕνα λίθον ἢ ξύλον ἢ χρυσοῦ μέρος, πάσης τῆς γῆς πεπληρωμένης τῆς τούτων οὐσίας. εἰ δὲ ἡ ἐπικειμένη μορφὴ αἰτία γίνεται τῆς θείας ἐπιφανείας, τίς ἡ χρεία τῆς ὕλης τοῦ χρυσοῦ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, καὶ μὴ μᾶλλον δι' αὐτῶν τῶν φύσει ζώων, ὧν εἰσι μορφαὶ τὰ γλύμματα, τὸν Θεὸν ἐπιφαίνεσθαι; καλ λίων γὰρ ἂν ἡ περὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ δόξα κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ἐγεγόνει, εἰ διὰ ζώων ἐμψύχων λογικῶν τε καὶ ἀλόγων ἐπεφαίνετο, καὶ μὴ ἐν ἀψύχοις καὶ ἀκινήτοις προσεδοκᾶτο· ἐφ' οἷς μάλιστα καθ' ἑαυτῶν ἀσέβειαν ἐργάζονται. τὰ γὰρ φύσει ζῶα τετράποδά τε καὶ πετεινὰ καὶ ἑρπετὰ βδελυττόμενοι καὶ ἀποστρεφόμενοι ἢ διὰ τὴν ἀγριότητα ἢ διὰ τὴν ῥυπαρίαν, ὅμως τοὺς τούτων τύπους ἐν λίθοις καὶ ξύλοις καὶ χρυσῷ γλύψαντες θεοποιοῦσιν. ἔδει δὲ αὐτὰ μᾶλλον τὰ ζῶντα θρησκεύειν αὐτοὺς ἢ τοὺς τούτων τύπους ἐν τούτοις προσκυνεῖσθαι. ἢ τάχα τούτων μὲν οὐδέν, οὔτε ἡ μορφὴ οὔτε ἡ ὕλη αἰτία τῆς Θεοῦ παρουσίας ἐστί· μόνη δὲ ἡ μετ' ἐπιστήμης τέχνη τὸ Θεῖον ἐκκαλεῖ ται, ἅτε δὴ μίμημα τῆς φύσεως αὐτὴ τυγχάνουσα. ἀλλ' εἰ διὰ τὴν ἐπιστήμην ἐπιφοιτᾷ τὸ Θεῖον τοῖς γλύμμασι, τίς πάλιν ἡ χρεία τῆς ὕλης, οὔσης τῆς ἐπιστήμης ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις; εἰ γὰρ ὅλως διὰ τὴν τέχνην ἐπιφαίνεται ὁ Θεός, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο θρησκεύονται ὡς θεοὶ τὰ γλύμματα, ἔδει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τῆς τέχνης ὄντας ἀρχηγοὺς προσκυνεῖσθαι καὶ θρησκεύεσθαι, ὅσῳ καὶ λογικοὶ καὶ τὴν ἐπι στήμην ἔχουσιν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς.

21 Περὶ δὲ τῆς δευτέρας αὐτῶν καὶ βαθυτέρας δῆθεν ἀπολογίας, καὶ ταῦτα ἄν τις ἀκολούθως εἴποι· εἰ οὐ διὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐπι φάνειαν ταῦτα ὑμῖν πεποίηται, ὦ Ἕλληνες, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ἀγγέλων ἐκεῖ παρουσίαν, διὰ τί τὰ ἀγάλματα, δι' ὧν ἐπικαλεῖσθε τὰς δυνά μεις, κρείττονα καὶ ὑπὲρ αὐτὰς τὰς ἐπικληθείσας δυνάμεις ποιεῖτε; χάριν γὰρ τῆς περὶ Θεοῦ καταλήψεως γλύφοντες τὰς μορφάς, ὥς φατε, αὐτοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν τιμὴν καὶ προσηγορίαν αὐτοῖς τοῖς γλύμμασι περιτίθετε, πρᾶγμα πάσχοντες οὐκ εὐαγές. ὁμολογοῦντες γὰρ ὑπεραίρειν τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ δύναμιν τῆς τῶν ἀγαλμάτων σμικρό τητος, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο μὴ τολμῶντες τὸν Θεὸν δι' αὐτῶν,