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Astronomers and those who introduced the other errors, who prepared the mind for countless evil causes and influences, darkened and muddied the conception of humanity. And this became "the first error, the devising of idols" and a misfortune of teaching. And all things were divided: Hellenism and Judaism; but Judaism was not yet so called before, but through Israel had acquired the eponym of the pious religion, until the five successions took place. For Nahshon, who was the tribal leader of the tribe of Judah in the wilderness, begets Salmon, Salmon begets Boaz, Boaz begets Obed, Obed begets Jesse, when the pious were still called Israelites, Jesse begets David the king, who first reigned from the tribe of Judah; from whom henceforth the successive kings from his seed, son succeeding father, were established in order. Before David, the first by nature to reign in Israel was Saul son of Kish, from the tribe of Benjamin, * and his son did not succeed him, but his kingdom passed to David, and through David first to the tribe of Judah. For to 1.188 Jacob himself the first son is Reuben, the second Simeon, the third Levi, the fourth Judah, from whom they are called Jews because of the tribe of Judah, the race of the pious having changed to this name. They were called, then, Israelites and Jews. 3. Up to this time the four races of the earth were joined, these four divisions having been separated in former times up to this time declared by me here and beyond; that is, from Adam until Noah, Barbarism; from Noah until the tower and Serug two generations after the tower, the Scythian superstition; and afterwards from the tower and Serug and † Aram until Abraham, Hellenism; from him and afterwards, piety connected to Abraham himself; from his successive seed, that is from Judah, Judaism; as the Spirit-bearing and holy apostle of God, Paul, testifies to me, saying something like this: "in Christ Jesus there is neither barbarian, nor Scythian, nor Greek, nor Jew, but a new creation," since from the beginning, when creation was created, being new, it had no distinguishing name. In harmony with these things, again in another place he says thus, "I am a debtor both to Greeks and to barbarians, both to the wise and to the foolish," to show that the Jews are the wise, and the Scythians the foolish. and he says, "I am a debtor" *. From this time the whole race of Israel were called Jews, from the time of David, and it continued being so called, having the name of both Israelites and Jews, the whole race of Israel, from the times of David and his son Solomon and the son of Solomon, I mean Rehoboam who reigned in Jerusalem after Solomon. But lest I get into a digression, passing over the matters of the Jewish 1.189 religion and not indicating the subject of their belief, I will set forth a few things from among many. For the matters concerning the Jews are, so to speak, most evident to all. Therefore I will not undertake a great labor to narrate this subject in the briefest way, but nevertheless it was necessary to set forth a few things from among many here. 4. The Jews, then, being from Abraham by succession and having received his piety, have the circumcision of Abraham, which he received by the command of God when he was ninety-nine years old for the reason which I stated above, so that his seed, becoming sojourners in a foreign land, might not turn away from the name of God, but might bear on their body a seal for the sake of remembrance and a proof for remaining in the piety of their father. And his son Isaac is circumcised on the eighth day, as that of the

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ἀστρονόμοι τε καὶ οἱ τὰ ἄλλα τῆς πλάνης εἰσηγησάμενοι οἱ παρασκευάσαντες τὸν νοῦν ἐπὶ μυρίας κακὰς αἰτίας καὶ ἀγωγὰς ἐσκότωσαν καὶ ἐθόλωσαν τὴν τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος ὑπόληψιν. καὶ γέγονεν αὕτη «πρώτη πλάνη ἐπίνοια εἰδώλων» καὶ κακοδαιμονία διδασκαλίας. ἦν δὲ τὰ πάντα μεμερισμένα Ἑλληνισμός τε καὶ Ἰουδαϊσμός· Ἰουδαϊσμὸς δὲ οὔπω πρότερον καλούμενος, ἀλλὰ διὰ τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ τὸ ἐπώνυμον τῆς θεοσεβοῦς θρῃσκείας ἐπικεκτημένος, ἕως ὅτε ˉε διαδοχαὶ γεγένηνται. ὁ γὰρ Ναασσὼν ὁ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ γεγονὼς φύλαρχος τῆς φυλῆς Ἰούδα γεννᾷ τὸν Σαλμών, Σαλμὼν γεννᾷ τὸν Βοόζ, Βοὸζ γεννᾷ τὸν Ὠβήδ, Ὠβὴδ γεννᾷ τὸν Ἰεσσαί, ἔτι τῶν θεσεβῶν Ἰσραηλιτῶν καλουμένων, Ἰεσσαὶ γεννᾷ τὸν ∆αυὶδ τὸν βασιλέα, ὃς πρῶτος ἐβασίλευσεν ἐκ φυλῆς Ἰούδα· ἐξ οὗ λοιπὸν οἱ κατὰ διαδοχὴν βασιλεῖς ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος αὐτοῦ, υἱὸς διαδεχόμενος πατέρα, καθεξῆς συνεστήκασιν. ἦν δὲ πρὸ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ∆αυὶδ ὁ φύσει πρῶτος βασιλεύσας ἐν Ἰσραὴλ Σαοὺλ υἱὸς Κεὶς ἐκ φυλῆς Βενιαμίν, * καὶ οὐκέτι αὐτὸν διεδέξατο υἱός, ἀλλὰ μετέστη τὸ βασίλειον αὐτοῦ εἰς ∆αυίδ, διὰ δὲ ∆αυὶδ πρώτου εἰς τὴν φυλὴν Ἰούδα. πρῶτος γὰρ τῷ 1.188 αὐτῷ Ἰακὼβ παῖς γίνεται Ῥουβήν, δεύτερος Συμεών, τρίτος Λευί, τέταρτος Ἰούδας, ὅθεν Ἰουδαῖοι καλοῦνται διὰ τὴν φυλὴν Ἰούδα, τοῦγένους τῶν θεοσεβῶν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο μεταπεσόντος. ἐκαλοῦντο γοῦν Ἰσραηλῖται καὶ Ἰουδαῖοι. 3. Ἕως τούτου τοῦ χρόνου συνήφθησαν αἱ τέσσαρες γενεαὶ τῆς γῆς, τῶν τεσσάρων τμημάτων τούτων διαιρεθέντων κατὰ τοὺς πρώην χρόνους ἕως τοῦ καιροῦ τούτου τοῦ ἐνταῦθά μοι δεδηλωμένου καὶ ἐπέκεινα· τουτέστιν ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ ἕως τοῦ Νῶε Βαρβαρισμός, ἀπὸ τοῦ Νῶε ἕως τοῦ πύργου καὶ τοῦ Σεροὺχ μετὰ δύο γενεὰς τοῦ πύργου ἡ Σκυθικὴ δεισιδαιμονία καὶ μετέπειτα ἀπὸ τοῦ πύργου καὶ Σεροὺχ καὶ † Ἀρὰμ ἕως τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ Ἑλληνισμός, ἀπὸ τούτου καιμετέπειτα θεοσέβεια συναπτομένη τῷ αὐτῷ Ἀβραάμ, ἀπὸ τοῦ κατὰ διαδοχὴν σπέρματος αὐτοῦ τουτέστιν τοῦ Ἰούδα Ἰουδαϊσμός· ὡς ἐπιμαρτυρεῖ μοι ὁ πνευματοφόρος καὶ ἅγιος τοῦ θεοῦ ἀπόστολος Παῦλος ὧδέ πως λέγων ὅτι «ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ οὐ βάρβαρος, οὐ Σκύθης, οὐχ Ἕλλην, οὐκ Ἰουδαῖος, ἀλλὰ καινὴ κτίσις», ἐπειδὴ ἐξ ὑπαρχῆς, ὅτε ἔκτιστο ἡ κτίσις, καινὴ οὖσα οὐδέν τι διαφορώτερον ἔσχεν ὄνομα. συνῳδὰ δὲ τούτοις πάλιν ἐν ἑτέρῳ τόπῳ λέγει οὕτως «ὀφειλέτης εἰμὶ Ἕλλησί τε καὶ βαρβάροις, σοφοῖς τε καὶ ἀνοήτοις», ἵνα δείξῃ σοφοὺς μὲν τοὺς Ἰουδαίους, ἀνοήτους δὲ τοὺς Σκύθας. καί φησιν «ὀφειλέτης εἰμί» *. ἐντεῦθεν τὸ πᾶν γένος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ Ἰουδαῖοι ἐκαλοῦντο ἀπὸ χρόνου τοῦ ∆αυὶδ καὶ διήρκεσεν ἐπωνύμως καλούμενον Ἰσραηλιτῶν τε καὶ Ἰουδαίων ἔχον τὴν ἐπίκλησιν τὸ πᾶν γένος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἀπὸ τῶν χρόνων τοῦ ∆αυὶδ καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ Σολομῶντος καὶ υἱοῦ τοῦ Σολομῶντος, φημὶ δὲ τοῦ Ῥοβοὰμ τοῦ μετὰ τὸν Σολομῶντα βασιλεύσαντος ἐν Ἱερουσαλήμ. ἵνα δὲ μὴ ἐν παρεξόδῳ γένωμαι, παρερχόμενος τὰ κατὰ τὴν τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1.189 θρῃσκείαν καὶ μὴ ὑποσημαινόμενος τῆς κατ' αὐτοὺς δόξης τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ὀλίγα ἀπὸ πολλῶν παραθήσομαι. πᾶσι γὰρ ὡς εἰπεῖν φανερώτατα ὑπάρχει τὰ κατὰ τοὺς Ἰουδαίους. διὸ οὐ πάνυ κάματον ἀναδέξομαι περὶ ταύτης τῆς ὑποθέσεως κατὰ τὸ λιπτότατον διηγήσασθαι, ἀλλ' ὅμως ἦν ἀναγκαῖον ὀλίγα ἀπὸ πολλῶν ἐνταῦθα παραθέσθαι. 4. Ἰουδαῖοι τοίνυν οἱ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ κατὰ διαδοχὴν ὑπάρχοντες καὶ τὴν αὐτοῦ θεοσέβειαν διαδεξάμενοι περιτομὴν μὲν τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ ἔχουσιν, ἣν κατὰ πρόσταξιν θεοῦ εἴληφεν ἐνενηκοστὸν ἔνατον ἔτος κατάγων δι' αἰτίαν ἣν ἄνω προεῖπον, εἰς τὸ τούτου σπέρμα πάροικον γινόμενον ἐν γῇ ἀλλοτρίᾳ μὴ ἀποστραφῆναι τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ, ἐπὶ σώματος δὲ φέρειν σφραγῖδα ὑπομνήσεως χάριν καὶ ἐλέγχου εἰς τὸ ἐμμένειν τῇ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῶν θεοσεβείᾳ. ὁ δὲ τούτου παῖς Ἰσαὰκ ὀκταήμερος περιτέμνεται, ὡς τὸ τοῦ