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with murders of the most necessary and dearest people, nor is it possible now to recount, since the subject matter concerning these things overshadows all tragic drama, which Josephus has gone through at length in his histories. 1.8.5 But how, at the same time as his plot against our Savior and the other infants, a scourge sent from God overtook him and drove him to his death, it would not be amiss to listen to the very words of the writer, who writes word for word in the seventeenth book of the Jewish Antiquities about the end of his life in this manner: “But Herod's disease grew more severe, as God was exacting punishment for his lawless deeds. 1.8.6 For there was a gentle fire, which did not so much reveal its burning to those who touched it, as it added to his internal distress, and a terrible desire to take something, which it was impossible not to satisfy, and an ulceration of the intestines and especially terrible pains in the colon, and a watery 1.8.7 and clear fluid around his feet. A similar affliction was also around his abdomen, and indeed even a putrefaction of his genitals, producing worms, and an extreme difficulty in breathing, which was also extremely unpleasant from the offensiveness of its odor and the frequency of his gasping, and he had convulsions in every limb, which gave him unbearable strength. 1.8.8 So it was said by the diviners and those whose wisdom it is to foretell these things, that God was exacting this penalty from the king for his great impiety.” These things the aforesaid writer indicates in the work mentioned; 1.8.9 and in the second book of his Histories he relates similar things about the same man, writing somewhat as follows: From there the disease took hold of his whole body and distributed it among various torments. For there was a low-grade fever, an unbearable itching of the whole surface of the skin, continual pains in the colon, swellings on his feet as in dropsy, inflammation of the abdomen, and putrefaction of the genitals, breeding worms, besides this, shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, and convulsions in all his limbs, 1.8.10 so that those who divined said that his sicknesses were a punishment. But though struggling with so many sufferings, he nevertheless clung to life, and hoped for recovery, and devised remedies. So crossing the Jordan he used the hot baths at Callirhoe; these flow into the Asphaltitis lake, but on account of their sweetness they are also potable. 1.8.11 There it seemed good to the physicians to warm his whole body with hot oil, and being lowered into a tub full of oil, he fainted and his eyes turned up as if he were dead. And when his attendants made an uproar, he recovered from the shock, but for the future despaired of his recovery, and he ordered fifty drachmas to be distributed to each of his soldiers, and much money to his commanders 1.8.12 and his friends. And returning himself he came to Jericho, already in a black mood and all but threatening death itself; and he proceeded to a plot of an unholy deed. For having gathered together the distinguished men from every village of all Judea into what is called the hippodrome, he ordered them to be shut in, 1.8.13 and summoning his sister Salome and her husband Alexas: ‘I know,’ he said, ‘that the Jews will celebrate my death, but I can be mourned through others and have a splendid funeral, if you are willing to carry out my commands. These men who are under guard, as soon as I expire, kill them at once, surrounding them with soldiers, so that all Judea and every household may weep for me, even against their will.’ 1.8.14 And a little later he says, “Again, for he was racked by lack of food and by a convulsive cough, overcome by his pains he tried to anticipate his fate; and taking an apple, he asked also for a little knife; for he was accustomed to cut and eat it; then looking around to see if there was anyone to prevent him, he raised his right hand as if to strike himself.” 1.8.15 And in addition to these things, the same writer relates that another of his legitimate sons, before the very end of his life, a third in addition to the two already slain, by his command

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ἀναγκαιοτάτων τε καὶ φιλτάτων μιαιφονίαις, οὐδὲ οἷόν τε νῦν καταλέγειν, τραγικὴν ἅπασαν δραματουργίαν ἐπισκιαζούσης τῆς περὶ τούτων ὑποθέσεως, ἣν εἰς πλάτος ἐν ταῖς κατ' αὐτὸν ἱστορίαις ὁ Ἰώσηπος 1.8.5 διελήλυθεν· ὡς δ' ἅμα τῇ κατὰ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων νηπίων ἐπιβουλῇ θεήλατος αὐτὸν καταλαβοῦσα μάστιξ εἰς θάνατον συνήλασεν, οὐ χεῖρον καὶ τῶν φωνῶν τοῦ συγγραφέως ἐπακοῦσαι, κατὰ λέξιν ἐν ἑπτακαιδεκάτῳ τῆς Ἰουδαϊκῆς Ἀρχαιολογίας τὴν καταστροφὴν τοῦ κατ' αὐτὸν βίου τοῦτον γράφοντος τὸν τρόπον· «Ἡρῴδῃ δὲ μειζόνως ἡ νόσος ἐνεπικραίνετο, δίκην ὧν παρη1.8.6 νόμησεν ἐκπρασσομένου τοῦ θεοῦ. πῦρ μὲν γὰρ μαλακὸν ἦν, οὐχ ὧδε πολλὴν ἀποσημαῖνον τοῖς ἐπαφωμένοις τὴν φλόγωσιν, ὅσην τοῖς ἐντὸς προσετίθει τὴν κάκωσιν, ἐπιθυμία δὲ δεινὴ τοῦ δέξασθαί τι, οὐδὲ ἦν μὴ οὐχ ὑπουργεῖν, καὶ ἕλκωσις τῶν τε ἐντέρων καὶ μάλιστα τοῦ κόλου δειναὶ ἀλγηδόνες καὶ φλέγμα 1.8.7 ὑγρὸν περὶ τοὺς πόδας καὶ διαυγές· παραπλησία δὲ καὶ περὶ τὸ ἦτρον κάκωσις ἦν, ναὶ μὴν καὶ τοῦ αἰδοίου σῆψις, σκώληκας ἐμποιοῦσα, πνεύματός τε ὀρθία ἔντασις, καὶ αὐτὴ λίαν ἀηδὴς ἀχθηδόνι τε τῆς ἀποφορᾶς καὶ τῷ πυκνῷ τοῦ ἄσθματος, ἐσπασμένος τε περὶ πᾶν ἦν μέρος, ἰσχὺν οὐχ ὑπομενητὴν προστιθέ1.8.8 μενος. ἐλέγετο γοῦν ὑπὸ τῶν θειαζόντων καὶ οἷς ταῦτα προαποφθέγγεσθαι σοφία πρόκειται, ποινὴν τοῦ πολλοῦ καὶ δυσσεβοῦς ταύτην ὁ θεὸς εἰσπράττεσθαι παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως.» ταῦτα μὲν ἐν τῇ δηλωθείσῃ γραφῇ παρασημαίνεται ὁ προειρη1.8.9 μένος· καὶ ἐν τῇ δευτέρᾳ δὲ τῶν Ἱστοριῶν τὰ παραπλήσια περὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ παραδίδωσιν, ὧδέ πως γράφων· ἔνθεν αὐτοῦ τὸ σῶμα πᾶν ἡ νόσος διαλαβοῦσα ποικίλοις πά θεσιν ἐμέριζεν. πυρετὸς μὲν γὰρ ἦν χλιαρός, κνησμὸς δ' ἀφόρητος τῆς ἐπιφανείας ὅλης καὶ κόλου συνεχεῖς ἀλγηδόνες περί τε τοὺς πόδας ὡς ὑδρωπιῶντος οἰδήματα τοῦ τε ἤτρου φλεγμονὴ καὶ δι' αἰδοίου σηπεδὼν σκώληκα γεννῶσα, πρὸς τούτοις ὀρθόπνοια καὶ δύσπνοια καὶ σπασμοὶ πάντων τῶν μελῶν, 1.8.10 ὥστε τοὺς ἐπιθειάζοντας ποινὴν εἶναι τὰ νοσήματα λέγειν. ὁ δὲ παλαίων τοσούτοις πάθεσιν ὅμως τοῦ ζῆν ἀντείχετο, σωτηρίαν τε ἤλπιζεν, καὶ θεραπείας ἐπενόει. διαβὰς γοῦν τὸν Ἰορδάνην τοῖς κατὰ Καλλιρόην θερμοῖς ἐχρῆτο· ταῦτα δὲ ἔξεισιν μὲν εἰς τὴν Ἀσφαλτῖτιν λίμνην, ὑπὸ γλυκύτητος δέ ἐστι καὶ πότιμα. 1.8.11 δόξαν ἐνταῦθα τοῖς ἰατροῖς ἐλαίῳ θερμῷ πᾶν ἀναθάλψαι τὸ σῶμα χαλασθὲν εἰς ἐλαίου πλήρη πύελον, ἐκλύει καὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὡς ἐκλυθεὶς ἀνέστρεψεν. θορύβου δὲ τῶν θεραπόντων γενομένου, πρὸς μὲν τὴν πληγὴν ἀνήνεγκεν, εἰς δὲ τὸ λοιπὸν ἀπογνοὺς τὴν σωτηρίαν, τοῖς τε στρατιώταις ἀνὰ δραχμὰς πεντήκοντα ἐκέλευσεν διανεῖμαι καὶ πολλὰ χρήματα τοῖς ἡγεμόσι 1.8.12 καὶ τοῖς φίλοις. αὐτὸς δ' ὑποστρέφων εἰς Ἱεριχοῦντα παραγίνεται, μελαγχολῶν ἤδη καὶ μόνον οὐκ ἀπειλῶν αὐτῷ τι τῷ θανάτῳ· προέκοψεν δ' εἰς ἐπιβουλὴν ἀθεμίτου πράξεως. τοὺς γὰρ ἀφ' ἑκάστης κώμης ἐπισήμους ἄνδρας ἐξ ὅλης Ἰουδαίας συναγαγὼν εἰς τὸν καλούμενον ἱππόδρομον ἐκέλευσεν συγκλεῖ1.8.13 σαι, προσκαλεσάμενος δὲ Σαλώμην τὴν ἀδελφὴν καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα ταύτης Ἀλεξᾶν· οἶδα, ἔφη, Ἰουδαίους τὸν ἐμὸν ἑορτάσοντας θάνατον, δύναμαι δὲ πενθεῖσθαι δι' ἑτέρων καὶ λαμπρὸν ἐπιτάφιον σχεῖν, ἂν ὑμεῖς θελήσητε ταῖς ἐμαῖς ἐντολαῖς ὑπουργῆσαι. τούσδε τοὺς φρουρουμένους ἄνδρας, ἐπειδὰν ἐκπνεύσω, τάχιστα κτείνατε περιστήσαντες τοὺς στρατιώτας, ἵνα πᾶσα Ἰουδαία καὶ πᾶς οἶκος καὶ ἄκων ἐπ' ἐμοὶ δακρύσῃ». 1.8.14 καὶ μετὰ βραχέα φησίν «αὖθις δὲ, καὶ γὰρ ἐνδεία τροφῆς καὶ βηχὶ σπασμώδει διετείνετο, τῶν ἀλγηδόνων ἡσθεὶς φθάσαι τὴν εἱμαρμένην ἐπεβάλλετο· λαβὼν δὲ μῆλον, ᾔτησε καὶ μαχαίριον· εἰώθει γὰρ ἀποτέμνων ἐσθίειν· ἔπειτα περιαθρήσας μή τις ὁ κωλύσων αὐτὸν εἴη, ἐπῆρεν τὴν δεξιὰν ὡς πλήξων ἑαυτόν.» 1.8.15 ἐπὶ δὲ τούτοις ὁ αὐτὸς ἱστορεῖ συγγραφεὺς ἕτερον αὐτοῦ γνήσιον παῖδα πρὸ τῆς ἐσχάτης τοῦ βίου τελευτῆς, τρίτον ἐπὶ δυσὶν ἤδη προανῃρημένοις, δι' ἐπιτάξεως