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receptive of a human soul, but superior to us the demons and creators—O our impiety!—but co-eternal with God and uncreated and without beginning, not only matter and the soul of the entire world, as they say, and the things of the intellect not attached to the thickness of a body, but also our own souls. What then? Shall we say that those who philosophized these things in this manner have the wisdom of God? Or at least any human wisdom at all? May none of us ever be so mad. "For a good tree does not produce bad fruit," according to the word of the Lord. For I, reasoning on my own, do not think it right for that wisdom to be called even human, being so inconsistent with itself as to say that the same things—ensouled and soulless, rational and irrational, and things by no means constituted for perception, nor having at all an organ of such a power—are receptive of our souls. But if Paul sometimes calls this human wisdom ("for my preaching," he says, "was not in persuasive words of human wisdom," and again "we speak not in words taught (p. 106) by human wisdom") but he also deigns to call those who possess it wise according to the flesh, who have been made foolish, disputers of this age, and their wisdom by similar designations, for this too is a wisdom that has been made foolish, a wisdom that is being brought to nothing and an empty deceit, a wisdom of this age and of the rulers of this age, who are being brought to nothing.

And I hear a father saying, "woe to the body, when it does not receive nourishment from without, and woe to the soul, when it does not receive grace from above." Rightly so. For the one, having departed into lifeless things, will be gone, while the other, having turned aside from what is proper, will be carried away with demonic lives and ways of thinking. But if someone says that this philosophy, being natural, was given by God, he speaks the truth and does not contradict us, and he does not exempt from blame those who used it badly and brought it to an unnatural end. But let him know that he is increasing their condemnation all the more, because they did not use the things from God in a God-loving way. Besides, the demonic mind, having been made by God, naturally possesses understanding, but we will not say its activity is from God, even if its ability to be active is from God; for which reason this might rightly be called madness rather than prudence. So therefore the mind of the pagan philosophers too, a divine gift, having an innate, intelligent wisdom, but having been turned aside by the suggestions of the evil one into a foolish, wicked, and senseless wisdom, as a producer of such doctrines, transformed wisdom. But if someone should say again that not even the desire and knowledge of demons is entirely evil, for they desire to be and to live and to think, first of all (p. 108) he will rightly hear back from us in turn that we are not wrong to be vexed, with the brother of God, when we call the wisdom among the Greeks demonic, as being full of strife and containing almost every worthless doctrine, since it has fallen away from its proper end, that is, the knowledge of God; for even so it will partake of the good as a final and faint echo. Then we also think it right for him to consider this, that nothing evil, in as much as it exists, is evil, but it has fallen away from the suitable and proper activity and from the end of that activity.

What, then, is the work and end of those seeking the wisdom of God in his creatures? Is it not the acquisition of truth and the doxology to the creator? It is clear to everyone, I suppose. But the knowledge of the pagan philosophers has failed in both. But is there also something useful for us in it? Certainly. For even in the flesh taken from serpents there is much that is potent and therapeutic, and the sons of physicians consider the antidote prepared from them to be best and most useful; and even in poisons prepared for deceit, the sweetest of edibles are included, able to conceal the elaborate preparation. There is, therefore,

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ἀνθρωπίνης δεκτικά ψυχῆς, κρείττους δ᾿ ἤ καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς τούς δαίμονας καί κτίστας, ὤ τῆς ἀσεβείας ἡμῶν, συναΐδια δέ τῷ Θεῷ καί ἄκτιστά τε καί ἄναρχα, οὐ τήν ὕλην μόνον καί τήν τοῦ κόσμου παντός, ὡς αὐτοί λέγουσι, ψυχήν, καί τά τῶν νοερῶν μή ἐνημμένα πάχος σώματος, ἀλλά καί αὐτάς τάς ἡμετέρας ψυχάς. Τί οὖν; Θεοῦ σοφίαν ἔχειν τούς ταῦτα τύτῃ φιλοσοφήσαντας ἐροῦμεν; Ἤ σοφίαν ὅλως ἀνθρωπίνην γοῦν; Μή ποθ᾿ οὕτω μανείη τις τῶν καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς. «∆ένδρον γάρ ἀγαθόν καρπούς πονηρούς οὐ ποιεῖ», κατά τόν τοῦ Κυρίου λόγον. Ἐγώ γάρ ἐπ᾿ ἐμαυτοῦ λογιζόμενος, οὐδ᾿ ἀνθρωπίνην δικαίαν εἶναι προσειρῆσθαι νομίζω τήν σοφίαν ἐκείνην, ἐπί τοσοῦτον οὖσαν ἑαυτῇ ἀνακόλουθον ὡς τά αὐτά λέγειν ἔμψυχά τε καί ἄψυχα, λογικά τε καί ἄλογα καί τά μηδέ πρός αἴσθησιν ὁπωσοῦν πεφυκότα, μηδ᾿ ὄργανον ὅλως ἐσχηκότα τοιαύτης δυνάμεως, χωρητικά λέγειν τῶν ἡμετέρων ψυχῶν. Εἰ δέ ὁ Παῦλος ἀνθρωπίνην σοφίαν ἔστιν οὗ λέγει ταύτην («τό γάρ κήρυγμά μου», φησίν, «οὐκ ἐν πειθοῖς ἀνθρωπίνης˙ σοφίας λόγοις», καί πάλιν «λαλοῦμεν οὐκ ἐν διδακτοῖς (σελ. 106) ἀνθρωπίνης σοφίας λόγοις») ἀλλά καί σοφούς κατά σάρκα, μωρανθέντας, συζητητάς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου τούς κεκτημένους ταύτην ἀξιοῖ καλεῖν καί τήν σοφίαν αὐτῶν παραπλησίως τῶν προσρημάτων, σοφίαν γάρ καί ταύτην μεμωραμένην, σοφίαν καταργουμένην καί κενήν ἀπάτην, σοφίαν τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου καί τῶν ἀρχόντων τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου τῶν καταργουμένων.

Ἐγώ δέ καί τοῦ λέγοντος ἀκούω πατρός «οὐαί σώματι, ὅταν μή τήν ἔξωθεν προσενέγκηται τροφήν, καί οὐαί ψυχῇ, ὅταν μή τῆς ἄνωθεν ἐπιδέξηται χάριν». Εἰκότως. Τό μέν γάρ εἰς τά ἄψυχα μεταχωρῆσαν οἰχήσεται, ἡ δέ τοῦ καθήκοντος παρατραπεῖσα ταῖς δαιμονικαῖς καί ζωαῖς καί φρονήμασι συναπαχθήσεται. Εἰ δέ τις τῷ φυσικήν εἶναι τήν φιλοσοφίαν ἐκ Θεοῦ δεδόσθαι λέγει ταύτην, ἀληθῆ μέν λέγει καί ἡμῖν οὐκ ἀντιλέγει καί τούς κακῶς ταύτῃ χρησαμένους καί πρός τό παρά φύσιν τέλος καταστήσαντας οὐκ ἐξαιρεῖται τῆς αἰτίας ἴστω δέ καί τήν καταδίκην τούτων ἐπί μᾶλλον αὔξων, ὅτι τοῖς ἐκ Θεοῦ θεοφιλῶς οὐκ ἐχρήσαντο. Ἄλλως τε καί ὁ δαιμόνιος νοῦς ἐκ Θεοῦ πεποιημένος φυσικῶς ἔχει τό φρονεῖν, ἀλλά τήν αὐτοῦ ἐνέργειαν οὐκ ἐροῦμεν ἐκ Θεοῦ, εἰ καί τό δύνασθαι ἐνεργεῖν ἔχει ἐκ Θεοῦ˙ διό καί παραφροσύνη μᾶλλον ἤ φρόνησις αὕτη δικαίως ἄν προσρηθείη. Οὕτω τοίνυν καί ὁ τῶν ἔξω φιλοσόφων νοῦς δόμα θεῖον, ἔμφυτον ἔχων τήν ἔμφρονα σοφίαν, παρατραπείς δέ τοῖς ὑποβολαῖς τοῦ πονηροῦ εἰς μωράν καί πονηράν καί ἄνουν ὡς προϊσταμένην τοιοούτων δογμάτων, μετεποίησε σοφίαν. Εἰ δέ τις αὖθις φαίη μηδέ τήν τῶν δαιμόνων ἔφεσιν καί γνῶσιν εἶναι παντάπασι κακόν, ἐφίενται γάρ τοῦ εἶναι καί ζῆν καί νοεῖν πρῶτον μέν (σελ. 108) ἐκεῖνο δικαίως παρ᾿ ἡμῶν αὖθις ἀντακούσεται μή δικαίως δυσχεραίνειν δαιμονιώδη μετά τοῦ ἀδελφοθέου, ὡς ἔριδος γέμουσαν καί πᾶν σχεδόν φαῦλον δόγμα περιέχουσαν, τήν ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησι σοφίαν ἡμῶν ἀποκαλούντων, ἅτε δή καί τοῦ οἰκείου τέλους ἔκπτωτον, τῆς θεογνωσίας δηλαδή˙ μεθέξει γάρ καί οὕτω τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ κατ᾿ ἔσχατον καί ἀμυδρόν ἀπήχημα. Ἔπειτα καί τοῦτο διανοεῖσθαι τοῦτον ἀξιοῦμεν, ὡς οὐδέν κακόν, ᾗ ἐστι, κακόν ἐστι, ἀλλ᾿ ἡ τῆς καταλλήλου τε καί προσηκούσης ἐνεργείας καί τοῦ τῆς ἐνεργείας τέλους ἀποπέπτωκε.

Τί τοίνυν ἔργον τε καί τέλος τῶν ζητούντων τήν ἐν τοῖς κτίσμασι Θεοῦ σοφίαν; Οὐχ ἡ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐμπορία καί ἡ πρός τόν κτίσαντα δοξολογία; Παντί που δῆλον. Ἀλλ᾿ ἀμφοτέρων διαπέπτωκεν ἡ τῶν ἔξω φιλοσόφων γνῶσις. Ἀλλ᾿ ἔνεστι καί τι χρήσιμον ἡμῖν ἐν ταύτῃ; Πάνυ γε. Καί γάρ ἐν τοῖς τῶν ὀφείων σαρκῶν ἀπειλημμένοις πολύ τό δραστικόν καί θεραπευτικόν καί ἰατρῶν παῖδες ἀντιδότων ἀρίστην καί χρησιμωτάτην τήν ἐκ τούτων συνεσκευασμένην ἥγηνται˙ κἄν τοῖς πρός ἀπάτην συνεσκευασμένοις τῶν δηλητηρίων τῶν ἐδωδίμων τά ἥδιστα παραλαμβάνεται, συγκαλύψαι δυνάμενα τήν περίεργον κατασκευήν. Ἔστι τοίνυν