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of its course, but following only custom. The Master of the Horse had authority over all the magistracies of the state and it was not permitted for anyone, when he was judging, to proceed to an appeal. But none of the dictators held the power of the monarchy for more than six months, but even for much less, and even for a single day. And it is not at all difficult to recall these dictators, both how many there were, and for how long. 38 The first dictator was Titus Marcius, who again appointed the previous consuls Titus and Valerius. And when a sedition occurred and the consuls had withdrawn, the dictator appointed others in their place on the Kalends of September. {SEVENTH APPOINTMENT TWO TRIBUNES} In the seventeenth year of the consuls, when no small sedition occurred for both the senate and the people, the multitude appointed two tribunes, so that they might arbitrate for the common people and oversee the market, who, being lifted up to arrogance, did not blush to condemn even the patricians themselves, 58 And in the twenty-third year of the consuls the government was divided into three parts: the consuls, the prefect of the city, and the people. And the consuls managed the wars, the people served in the army, and indeed the prefect guarded the city, being called custos urbis, as if guardian of the city. And in the twenty-eighth year of the consuls, with the people and the senate being at odds, Aulus Sempronius was named dictator, who, having appointed Gaius Julius from the senate and Quintus Fabius from the people as consuls, laid down the dictatorship. Again in the forty-eighth year of the consuls, Gaius Mamercus was appointed dictator. And when the people revolted again, three military tribunes were appointed; and since they were unsettling affairs, Titus Quintius was proclaimed dictator, who in only thirteen days, when the sedition had been calmed, laid down his office. And in the seventy-fourth year of the consuls, when the Etruscans were disturbing affairs, on account of the greatness of the war, Marcus Aemilius was proclaimed dictator; after whom was Publius, who in only sixteen days, having managed the war against the Etruscans, laid it down. And again, when the people appointed military tribunes and the senate resisted, Quintus was proclaimed dictator, who in eight days, having reconciled the city, desisted; after whom was Publius Cornelius Cossus; after whom was Titus Quintius. And in the one hundred and thirty-sixth year of the consuls, during the one hundred and third Olympiad, the city remained without rulers for a period of five years. And when consuls were again appointed, there were appointed from the patricians four aediles and two quaestors and a praetor, as if a general, and legates, as if lieutenants, and twelve military tribunes, because it was expected that Alexander the Macedonian would march against the Romans. And the Romans, being disturbed, voted for Papirius Cursor as general to meet Alexander 60, and they appointed augurs and hierophants; but the expectation of defeat is clear for those who in time of war resort to prayers, And in the two hundred and sixty-third year, another praetor was appointed, the one called urbanus, meaning "of the city," and the one called peregrinus, as if "judge of foreigners." And with the people divided into four parts and into thirty-five tribes, three other praetors were added to those mentioned. And in the two hundred and ninetieth year of the consuls, when Hannibal fell upon Italy, because of the gravity of the war, not only a dictator but also a pro-dictator, and a master of the horse and a pro-master of the horse were appointed, so that the one, following the opinion of the other, might not from sole authority bring harm to the state. Roman history makes mention of these dictators alone, that is, interreges. And after these men, Gaius Julius Caesar, having undertaken a war against the senate and Pompey that was destructive to the state, appointed himself sole ruler, using Lepidus as master of the horse. CENSORSHIP 39 The

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τῆς φορᾶς, μόνῃ δὲ συνηθείᾳ ἀκολουθῶν. πασῶν δὲ τῶν ἀρχῶν τῆς πολιτείας ὁ ἵππαρχος ἐκράτει καὶ οὐκ ἦν ἐφετόν τινι, αὐτοῦ δικάζοντος, ἐπὶ ἔφεσιν χωρεῖν. πλέον δὲ ἒξ μηνῶν οὐδεὶς τῶν δικτατώρων τοῦ κράτους τῆς μοναρχίας ἀντελάβετο ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλῷ ἔλαττον, καὶ ἐπὶ μίαν μόνην ἡμέραν. καὶ χαλεπὸν οὐδὲν αὐτῶν τῶν δικτατώρων ἐπιμνησθῆναι, καὶ ὅσοι γεγόνασιν, καὶ ἐπὶ πόσον χρόνον. 38 Πρῶτος δικτάτωρ Τίτος Μάρκιος, ὁ τοὺς πρὸ τοῦ ὑπάτους Τίτον καὶ Βαλέριον αὖθις προαγαγών. στάσεως δὲ γενομένης καὶ τῶν ὑπάτων ἀναχωρησάντων, ὁ δικτάτωρ ἑτέρους ἀντ' ἐκείνων προεβάλετο καλένδαις Σεπτεμβρίαις. {ἙΒ∆ΌΜΗ ΠΡΟΑΓΩΓῊ ∆ΎΟ ∆ΉΜΑΡΧΟΙ} τῷ ἑπτακαιδεκάτῳ ἔτει τῶν ὑπάτων, στάσεως γενομένης οὐ μικρᾶς τῇ τε γερουσίᾳ τῷ τε δήμῳ, δύο τὸ πλῆθος προεχειρίσατο δημάρχους, ὥστε αὐτοὺς διαιτᾶν τοῖς δημόταις καὶ τὴν ἀγορὰν ἐπισκέπτεσθαι, οἳ πρὸς ἀλαζονείαν ἀρθέντες οὐκ ἠρυθρίων καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν πατρικίων καταψηφίζε 58 σθαι, τῷ δὲ εἰκοστῷ τρίτῳ τῶν ὑπάτων ἔτει εἰς τρεῖς μοίρας τὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς διῃρέθη· εἰς τοὺς ὑπάτους, εἰς τὸν τῆς πόλεως ὕπαρχον καὶ τὸν δῆμον. καὶ οἱ μὲν ὕπατοι διῴκουν τοὺς πολέμους, ὁ δὲ δῆμος ἐστρατεύετο, ὅ γε μὴν ὕπαρχος τὴν πόλιν ἐφύλαττεν, custos urbis προσαγορευόμενος, ὡς ἂν εἰ φύλαξ τῆς πόλεως. τῷ δὲ ὀγδόῳ καὶ εἰκοστῷ τῶν ὑπάτων ἔτει, διαφερομένων τοῦ δήμου καὶ τῆς βουλῆς, Αὖλος Σεμπρώνιος προσηγορεύθη δικτάτωρ, ὃς ἐκ μὲν τῆς βουλῆς Γάϊον Ἰούλιον, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ δήμου Κόϊντον Φάβιον χειροτονήσας ὑπάτους ἀπέθετο τὴν δικτατοῦραν. αὖθις ἐπὶ τοῦ τεσσαρακοστοῦ καὶ ὀγδόου τῶν ὑπάτων ἔτους προεβλήθη δικτάτωρ Γάϊος Μάμερκος. τοῦ δὲ δήμου παλινστατοῦντος, προεβλήθησαν χιλίαρχοι τρεῖς· ὧν σαλευόντων τὰ πράγματα, ἀνηγορεύθη δικτάτωρ Τίτος Κύντιος, ὃς ἐν μόναις τρισὶ καὶ δέκα ἡμέραις, κατευνασθείσης τῆς στάσεως, ἀπέθετο τὴν ἀρχήν. τῷ δὲ ἑβδομηκοστῷ τετάρτῳ τῶν ὑπάτων ἐνιαυτῷ, τῶν Τυρρηνῶν ταραττόντων τὰ πράγματα, διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τοῦ πολέμου ἀνηγορεύθη δικτάτωρ Μάρκος Αἰμίλιος· μεθ' ὃν Πούπλιος, ὃς ἐν ἓξ καὶ δέκα μόναις ἡμέραις τὸν πρὸς τοὺς Τυρρηνοὺς διοικήσας πόλεμον ἀπέθετο. αὖθις δέ, τοῦ δήμου προστησαμένου χιλιάρχους καὶ τῆς βουλῆς ἀνθισταμένης, ἀνηγορεύθη δικτάτωρ Κόϊντος, ὃς ἐν ὀκτὼ ἡμέραις διαλλάξας τὴν πόλιν ἀπεπαύσατο· μεθ' ὃν Πούπλιος Κορνήλιος Κόσσος· μεθ' ὃν Τίτος Κύντιος. ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ ἑκατοστοῦ τριακοστοῦ ἔκτου τῶν ὑπάτων ἐνιαυτοῦ, τρίτης καὶ ἑκατοστῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος ἐνισταμένης, ἄναρχος ἡ πόλις διετέλει ἐπὶ πενταετῆ χρόνον. αὖθις δὲ προαχθέντων ὑπάτων, προεβλήθησαν ἐκ τῶν πατρικίων ἀγορανόμοι τέσσαρες καὶ ταμίαι δύο καὶ πραίτωρ, οἷον εἰ στρατηγός, καὶ ληγᾶτοι, οἷον εἰ ὑποστράτηγοι, καὶ δυοκαίδεκα χιλίαρχοι διὰ τὸ προσδοκᾶσθαι Ἀλέξανδρον τὸν Μακεδόνα κατὰ Ῥωμαίων στρατεύειν. ταραχθέντες δὲ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι Παπίριον μὲν Κούρσωρα στρατηγὸν ἀπαντῆσαι Ἀλεξάνδρῳ 60 ἐψηφίσαντο, καὶ προεβάλοντο οἰωνοσκόπους καὶ ἱεροφάντας· σαφὴς δὲ προσδοκία ἥττης τοῖς ἐν καιρῷ πολέμου πρὸς λιτὰς καταφεύγουσιν, ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ τρίτου καὶ ἑξηκοστοῦ καὶ διακοσιοστοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ πραίτωρ ἕτερος προεχειρίσθη, ὁ λεγόμενος οὐρβανός, ἀντὶ τοῦ πολιτικός, καὶ ὁ λεγόμενος περεγρῖνος, οἷον εἰ ξενοδίκης. τοῦ δὲ δήμου εἰς μέρη μὲν τέσσαρα, εἰς πέντε δὲ καὶ τριάκοντα φυλὰς διῃρημένου, τοῖς μνημονευθεῖσι τρεῖς ἕτεροι προσετέθησαν πραίτωρες. τῷ δὲ ἐνενηκοστῷ καὶ διακοσιοστῷ τῶν ὑπάτων ἐνιαυτῷ, Ἀννίβου ἐνσκήψαντος τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ, διὰ τὸν ὄγκον τοῦ πολέμου οὐ μόνον δικτάτωρ ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀντιδικτάτωρ, ἱππάρχης τε καὶ ἀνθιππάρχης προεχειρίσθησαν, ὥστε θάτερον τῇ θατέρου γνώμῃ ἑπόμενον μὴ ἐκ μονήρους αὐθεντίας βλάβην ἐπενεγκεῖν τῇ πολιτείᾳ. τούτων καὶ μόνων τῶν δικτατώρων, ἤ τοι μεσοβασιλέων, μνήμην ἀναφέρει ἡ Ῥωμαϊκὴ ἱστορία. μετὰ δὲ τούτους Γάϊος Ἰούλιος Καῖσαρ, κατὰ τῆς συγκλήτου καὶ Πομπηΐου τὸν ὀλέθριον τοῖς πράγμασιν ἀναζωσάμενος πόλεμον, αὐτὸς ἑαυτὸν μόναρχον ἀπέδειξεν, Λεπίδῳ ἱππάρχῃ χρησάμενος. ΚΗΝΣΟΥ͂ΡΑ 39 Ὁ