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to invoke lesser powers, having yourselves surpassed these, you have dedicated the name of him whose presence you feared to stones and wood, and you name and worship gods instead of stones and the art of men. For if these things are to you as letters, as you falsely claim, of the contemplation of God, it is not right to honor the things which signify more than that which is signified. For not even if someone should write the name of the king would he without risk honor the letter more than the king; but such a one has death as his penalty, and the letter has been formed by the skill of the one who wrote it. So too you, if you had a sound mind, would not have brought down so great a mark of divinity to matter; nor would you have honored the carving more than the man who carved it. For if they in general signify, as letters, the manifestation of God, and because of this, signifying God, they are worthy of deification; yet at least he who carved and engraved these things, I say again, the artisan, should much more have been deified, as being more powerful and divine than they, inasmuch as they were carved and formed according to his will. If, then, the letters are worthy of wonder, much more does the one who wrote them surpass in wonder on account of his art and the knowledge of his soul. Therefore, if it is not right for this reason to consider them gods, one might again ask them about the madness of idols, seeking to learn from them the reason for such a form.

22 For if it is because the divine is anthropomorphic that it is so formed, why do they also give it the forms of irrational animals? But if its form is that of irrational animals, why do they also give it the carvings of rational beings? But if it is a combination of both, and they have conceived of God from both, that he has the forms of both irrational and rational beings, why do they separate what is joined, and part the carving of irrational animals and men, and not always carve it from both, such as the fabrications in the myths, Scylla and Charybdis and the Hippocentaur and the dog-headed Anubis among the Egyptians? For it was necessary either for them to be fashioned only as of a double nature, or, having one form, for the other not to be molded for them. And again, if their forms are masculine, why do they also give them the forms of females? But if they are female, why do they falsely devise masculine forms for them? And if again they are a combination of both, they should not be separated, but both should be joined, and become like the so-called hermaphrodites, so that their superstition might provide not only impiety and slander, but also laughter to those who see them; and if they conceive of the divine as having a body at all, so as to devise and mold for it a belly and hands and feet, and again a neck and breasts and the other members for the generation of men, see to what great impiety and atheism their mind has fallen, to suppose such things concerning the divine. For it follows that it must suffer the other things of the body in every way, so as to be cut, and divided, and again to be utterly destroyed; but these and such things are not properties of God, but rather of bodies on earth. For God is incorporeal and incorruptible and immortal, in need of nothing at all; but these are both perishable and forms of bodies, and in need of their care, as was said before; for indeed we often see those that have grown old being renewed, and those whom time or rain or some other of the animals on earth has destroyed, being molded again. On which account one might condemn their madness; that those of which they themselves are the makers, these they proclaim gods; and from those which they themselves adorn with their arts so that they might not be destroyed, from these they themselves ask for salvation; and from those which they know need their care, from these they themselves deem it worthy for their own needs to be fulfilled; and those which in small things

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τὰς δὲ ἐλάττω δυνάμεις ἐπικαλεῖσθαι, αὐτοὶ ταύτας ὑπερβάντες, οὗ τὴν παρουσίαν ἐφοβήθητε, τούτου τὴν προσηγορίαν τοῖς λίθοις καὶ ξύλοις ἀνεθήκατε, καὶ θεοὺς ἀντὶ λίθων καὶ τέχνης ἀνθρώπων ὀνομά ζετε καὶ προσκυνεῖτε. εἰ γὰρ καὶ ὡς γράμματά εἰσιν ὑμῖν ταῦτα, ὡς ψεύδεσθε, τῆς ἐπὶ Θεὸν θεωρίας, οὐ δίκαιον τὰ σημαίνοντα τοῦ σημαινομένου προτιμᾷν. οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰ γράφοι τις τὸ βασιλέως ὄνομα, ἀκινδύνως ἔχοι τὸ γράμμα προτιμῶν τοῦ βασιλέως· ἀλλ' ὁ τοιοῦτος θάνατον μὲν ἔχει τὴν ζημίαν, τὸ δὲ γράμμα τῇ τοῦ γράψαντος ἐπιστήμῃ τετύπωται. οὕτω καὶ ὑμεῖς, εἴπερ ἐρρωμένον εἴχετε τὸν λογισμόν, οὐκ ἂν τὸ τηλικοῦτον τῆς θεότητος γνώρισμα εἰς ὕλην κατεφέρετε· ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ γλύμμα οὐκ ἂν προετιμήσατε τοῦ γλύψαντος ἀνθρώπου. εἰ γὰρ καὶ ὅλως ὡς γράμματα σημαίνουσι τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐπιφάνειαν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ὡς Θεὸν σημαίνοντα, θεοποιίας εἰσὶν ἄξια· ἀλλὰ γοῦν τὸν ταῦτα γλύψαντα καὶ χαράξαντα, φημὶ δὴ πάλιν τὸν τεχνίτην, πολλῷ πλέον ἔδει θεοποιηθῆναι, ὡς μᾶλλον ἐκείνων δυνα τώτερον καὶ θειότερον ὑπάρχοντα, ὅσῳ κἀκεῖνα κατὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ βούλησιν ἐξέσθη καὶ τετύπωται. εἰ τοίνυν τὰ γράμματα θαύματός εἰσιν ἄξια, πολλῷ πλέον ὁ γράψας ὑπεραίρει τῷ θαύματι διὰ τὴν τέχνην καὶ τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς ἐπιστήμην. οὐκοῦν εἰ μὴ διὰ τοῦτο θεοὺς αὐτοὺς ἄξιον νομίζειν, πάλιν αὐτοὺς ἄν τις ἔροιτο περὶ τῆς τῶν εἰδώλων μανίας, τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς τοιαύτης αὐτῶν μορφῆς παρ' αὐτῶν ἀξιῶν μαθεῖν.

22 Εἰ μὲν γὰρ ὅτι ἀνθρωπόμορφόν ἐστι τὸ Θεῖον, διὰ τοῦτο οὕτω τετύπωται, διὰ τί καὶ ἀλόγων αὐτῷ τύπους περιτιθέασιν; εἰ δὲ ζώων ἀλόγων ἐστὶν ὁ τούτου τύπος, διὰ τί καὶ λογικῶν αὐτῷ περι τιθέασι γλυφάς; εἰ δὲ τὸ συναμφότερόν ἐστι, καὶ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων κατειλήφασι τὸν Θεόν, ὅτι τε ἀλόγων καὶ λογικῶν ἔχει τοὺς τύπους, τί διαιροῦσι τὰ συνημμένα, καὶ χωρίζουσι τὴν ἀλόγων καὶ ἀνθρώπων γλυφήν, καὶ οὐ πάντοτε ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων αὐτὸν γλύφουσιν, ὁποῖα τὰ παρὰ τοῖς μύθοις ἐστὶ πλάσματα, ἡ Σκύλλα καὶ ἡ Χάρυβδις καὶ ὁ Ἱπποκένταυρος καὶ ὁ παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις κυνοκέφαλος Ἄνουβις; ἔδει γὰρ ἢ μόνους αὐτοὺς οὕτω γράφεσθαι διφυεῖς, ἢ μίαν αὐτῶν ἐχόντων μορφήν, μὴ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ἀναπλάττεσθαι κατ' αὐτῶν. καὶ πάλιν εἰ ἀρρενικαὶ τούτων εἰσὶν αἱ μορφαί, διὰ τί καὶ θηλειῶν αὐτοῖς περι τιθέασι τύπους; εἰ δὲ θηλυκῶν εἰσι, διὰ τί καὶ ἀρρενικῶν κατ' αὐτῶν ψεύδονται τὰς μορφάς; εἰ δὲ πάλιν τὸ συναμφότερόν εἰσιν, ἔδει μὴ διαιρεῖσθαι, ἀλλὰ ἀμφότερα συνάπτεσθαι, καὶ γίνεσθαι κατὰ τοὺς λεγομένους ἑρμαφροδίτους, ἵνα μὴ μόνον ἀσέβειαν καὶ συκοφαντίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ γέλωτας αὐτῶν ἡ δεισιδαιμονία τοῖς ὁρῶσι παράσχῃ· καὶ ὅλως εἰ σωματοειδὲς τὸ Θεῖον ὑπολαμβάνουσιν, ὥστε καὶ γαστέρα καὶ χεῖρας καὶ πόδας, καὶ πάλιν αὐχένα καὶ στήθη καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ πρὸς γένεσιν ἀνθρώπων μέλη ἐπινοεῖν αὐτῷ καὶ ἀναπλάττειν, ὅρα εἰς ὅσην ἀσέβειαν καὶ ἀθεότητα καταπέπτωκε τούτων ὁ νοῦς, ὥστε τοιαῦτα ὑπονοεῖν περὶ τοῦ Θείου. ἀκολουθεῖ γὰρ αὐτῷ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τοῦ σώματος πάντως πάσχειν, ὥστε καὶ τέμνεσθαι, καὶ διαιρεῖσθαι, καὶ πάλιν ἐξ ὅλου φθείρεσθαι· ταῦτα δὲ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα οὐκ ἴδια Θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς σωμάτων ἐστίν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ Θεὸς ἀσώματός ἐστι καὶ ἄφθαρτος καὶ ἀθάνατος, οὐδενὸς εἰς ὁτιοῦν δεόμενος· ταῦτα δὲ καὶ φθαρτὰ καὶ σωμάτων εἰσὶ τύποι, καὶ τῆς παρ' αὐτῶν ἐπιδεόμενα χρείας, ὥσπερ καὶ πρότερον εἴρηται· πολ λάκις γοῦν ὁρῶμεν ἀνακαινουμένους τοὺς παλαιωθέντας, καὶ οὓς ὁ χρόνος ἢ ὑετὸς ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς ζώων ἠφάνισε, τούτους ἀναπλαττομένους. ἐφ' ᾧ ἄν τις αὐτῶν καταγνώσεται τῆς παρα φροσύνης· ὅτι ὧν αὐτοὶ ποιηταὶ τυγχάνουσι, τούτους θεοὺς ἀναγο ρεύουσι· καὶ οὓς αὐτοὶ ταῖς τέχναις περικοσμοῦσιν ἕνεκα τοῦ μὴ φθαρῆναι παρὰ τούτων, αὐτοὶ σωτηρίαν αἰτοῦσι· καὶ οὓς οὐκ ἀγνο οῦσι δεομένους τῆς αὐτῶν ἐπιμελείας, παρὰ τούτων αὐτοὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν χρείας ἀξιοῦσιν ἀναπληροῦσθαι· καὶ οὓς ἐν μικροῖς