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not into the deep, but on the level. And from the facts themselves it is possible to see that those sailing the northern and western parts are called "ascenders," as if going up somewhere and sailing slowly while ascending, but in returning, as if coming down from a height, sailing fast and completing the voyage in a few days. 2.32 And the two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates, coming down from the north, that is Persarmenia, to the south, have very strong currents, much greater than our river Nile, that is, the Gihon. For this river Nile, being pushed from the low and southern regions to the higher and northern parts and running somewhere upwards, has very gentle currents. 2.33 The eastern and southern parts, being low and warmed by the sun, happen to be hotter, whence also the bodies of the inhabitants of those regions happen to be darker. The northern and western parts, being higher and far from the sun, happen to be colder, whence also the bodies of the inhabitants happen to be whiter, warming themselves on account of the cold. But not all this earth is inhabited; for the extreme northern parts, being exceedingly cold, remain uninhabited, and the extreme southern parts, from the excessive heat, remain uninhabited; for so says David: "For neither from the goings forth, nor from the settings, nor from the desert mountains," calling the east "goings forth," and the west "settings," and "deserts" the remaining two climes, as it were the extreme northern and the extreme southern. And the outside historians also tell the truth about these things. 2.34 These things, therefore, being so, we will say, taking according to the divine Scripture, that the sun proceeds from the east through the air to the southern parts, rising and shining upon the north for the whole inhabited world. And the northern and western height of the earth, intervening, makes night beyond this earth, over the Ocean and the land beyond the Ocean in those parts; then finally, being around the west, the sun goes under the height of the earth and running across over the Ocean through the northern parts, makes night here, until circling it comes again to the east and rising again over the southern part it will shine upon this inhabited world, just as the divine Scripture also says through the wise Solomon: "The sun rises, and the sun sets, and draws to its place; rising there it goes toward the south and circles toward the north; it circles circling, and on its circuits the spirit returns." Here "spirit" means the air, because circling in the air, he says, from east to south and from south to west and from west to north and from north again to east, it makes nights and days and the turnings. For by "it circles circling, and on its circuits it returns" he signified the turnings along with its course, expressing them in the plural; for he does not say the spirit is "circling," but the sun through the spirit, that is, the air. 2.35 But also the blessed Moses, having been commanded to make the tabernacle on Mount Sinai according to the pattern which he had seen, from God, said that the outer tabernacle was a type of this visible world. The divine Apostle, interpreting in the Epistle to the Hebrews, and the inner tabernacle of the veil as a type of the heavenly things, that is, of the kingdom of the heavens, as of the future state, taking the veil for the firmament, which also divides the tabernacle into two tabernacles, just as the firmament, intervening between heaven and earth, made two worlds, this one and the one to come, into which future world Christ entered first as a forerunner for us, having inaugurated for us a new and living way. 2.36 And in the first tabernacle he describes in the south the lampstand having seven lamps according to the number of the week, being a type of the luminaries, shining toward the table situated in the north, that is, of the earth, on which he commands twelve daily loaves of presentation to be set according to the number of the twelve months, on each corner of the table three loaves, which makes turnings

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οὐκ εἰς βάθος, ἀλλ' ἴσον. Καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν πραγμάτων ἔνεστιν ἰδεῖν ὅτι οἱ πλέοντες τὰ βόρεια καὶ δυτικὰ μέρη "ἀναβολεῖς" καλοῦνται, ὡς ἄνω που ἀνερχόμενοι καὶ βραδυπλοοῦντες ἐν τῷ ἀνέρχεσθαι, ἐν δὲ τῷ ὑποστρέφειν, ὡς ἐξ ὕψους ἐπὶ τὰ κάτω ἐρχόμενοι, ταχυπλοοῦντες καὶ δι' ὀλίγων ἡμερῶν τὸν πλοῦν ἀνύοντες. 2.32 Καὶ οἱ δύο δὲ ποταμοί, Τίγρης καὶ Εὐφράτης, ἀπὸ τῶν βορείων, τουτέστι Περσαρμενίας, ἐπὶ τὰ νότια κατερχόμενοι πολλὰ πάνυ ῥεύματα ἔχουσι, πλείω πολὺ τοῦ παρ' ἡμῖν Νείλου ποταμοῦ, τουτέστι τοῦ Γηῶν. Ὁ γὰρ Νεῖλος οὗτος ποταμὸς ἀπὸ τῶν χθαμαλῶν καὶ νοτίων τόπων ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλότερα καὶ βόρεια μέρη ὠθούμενος καὶ ἄνω που τρέχων ὁμαλώτερα πάνυ ῥεύματα ἔχει. 2.33 Τὰ δὲ ἀνατολικὰ καὶ νότια μέρη, ὡς χθαμαλὰ καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἡλίου περιθαλπόμενα, θερμότερα τυγχάνει, ὅθεν καὶ τὰ σώματα τῶν οἰκούντων τοὺς τόπους μελανώτερα τυγχάνει. Τὰ δὲ βόρεια καὶ δυτικά, ὡς ὑψηλότερα καὶ μακρὰν τοῦ ἡλίου τυγχάνοντα, ψυχρότερα τυγχάνει, ὅθεν καὶ τὰ σώματα τῶν οἰκούντων λευκότερα τυγχάνει, ἑαυτοὺς περιθάλποντες διὰ τὸ κρύος. Οὔτε δὲ πᾶσα ἡ γῆ αὕτη οἰκεῖται· τὰ ὑπερβόρεια γὰρ μέρη εἰς ἄκρον ψυχόμενα ἀοίκητα διαμένει, καὶ τὰ ὑπερνότια ἐκ τῆς ἄγαν θέρμης ἀοίκητα διαμένει· οὕτως γὰρ λέγει ὁ ∆αυΐδ· "Ὅτι οὔτε ἐξ ἐξόδων, οὔτε ἀπὸ δυσμῶν, οὔτε ἀπὸ ἐρήμων ὀρέων", ἐξόδους καλῶν τὴν ἀνατολήν, δυσμὰς δὲ τὰς δυσμάς, ἐρήμους τὰ λοιπὰ δύο κλίματα, ὡσανεὶ τὰ ὑπερβόρεια καὶ τὰ ὑπερνότια. Ταῦτα δὲ καὶ οἱ ἔξωθεν ἱστοροῦντες ἀληθεύουσιν. 2.34 Τούτων οὖν οὕτως ἐχόντων, ἐροῦμεν, λαμβάνοντες μὲν κατὰ τὴν θείαν Γραφήν, ἐξ ἀνατολῶν τὸν ἥλιον πορευόμενον διὰ τοῦ ἀέρος τὰ νότια μέρη, ὑψούμενον καὶ φαίνοντα ἐπὶ τὸν βορρᾶν πάσῃ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ. Τὸ δὲ ὕψος τῆς γῆς τὸ βόρειον καὶ δυτικὸν μεσολαβοῦν, ποιεῖ νύκτα περαιτέρω τῆς γῆς ταύτης, κατὰ τὸν Ὠκεανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν τὴν πέραν τοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ κατ' αὐτὰ τὰ μέρη· εἶτα λοιπὸν περὶ δυσμὰς γινόμενος ὁ ἥλιος ὑπὸ τὸ ὕψος τῆς γῆς καὶ διατρέχων ἐπάνω τοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ διὰ τῶν βορείων μερῶν, ποιεῖ ἐνταῦθα νύκτα, ἄχρι κυκλῶν ἔλθῃ πάλιν εἰς ἀνατολὰς καὶ ὑψούμενος πάλιν κατὰ τὸ νότιον μέρος καταλάμψει ταύτην τὴν οἰκουμένην, καθὰ καὶ ἡ θεία Γραφὴ λέγει διὰ τοῦ σοφοῦ Σολομῶντος· "Ἀνατέλλει ὁ ἥλιος καὶ δύνει ὁ ἥλιος καὶ εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ ἕλκει· ἀνατέλλων αὐτὸς ἐκεῖ πορεύεται πρὸς νότον καὶ κυκλοῖ πρὸς βορρᾶν· κυκλοῖ κυκλῶν, καὶ ἐπὶ κύκλους αὐτοῦ ἐπιστρέφει τὸ πνεῦμα." Τὸ "πνεῦμα" ἐνταῦθα τὸν ἀέρα καλεῖ, ὅτι ἐν τῷ ἀέρι κυκλῶν, φησίν, ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν ἐπὶ νότον καὶ ἀπὸ νότου εἰς δυσμὰς καὶ ἀπὸ δυσμῶν ἐπὶ βορρᾶν καὶ ἀπὸ βορρᾶ πάλιν ἐπὶ ἀνατολάς, νύκτας καὶ ἡμέρας ἀπεργάζεται καὶ τὰς τροπάς. Τῷ γὰρ "κυκλοῖ κυκλῶν, καὶ ἐπὶ κύκλους αὐτοῦ ἐπιστρέφει" μετὰ τοῦ δρόμου καὶ τὰς τροπὰς ἐσήμανε, πληθυντικῶς αὐτὰ ἐξειπών· οὐ γὰρ τὸ πνεῦμα "κυκλοῦν" λέγει, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἥλιον διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος, τουτέστι τοῦ ἀέρος. 2.35 Ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ μακάριος Μωϋσῆς κελευσθεὶς ποιῆσαι τὴν σκηνὴν ἐν τῷ ὄρει τῷ Σιναίῳ κατὰ τὸν τύπον, ὃν ἑωράκει, θεόθεν τὴν ἐξωτέραν σκηνὴν τύπον τούτου τοῦ ὁρωμένου κόσμου γενέσθαι ἔφησεν. Ἑρμηνεύων ὁ θεῖος Ἀπόστολος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ἑβραίους Ἐπιστολῇ καὶ τὴν ἐσωτέραν τοῦ καταπετάσματος σκηνὴν τύπον τῶν οὐρανίων, τουτέστι τῆς βασιλείας τῶν οὐρανῶν, ὡσανεὶ τῆς μελλούσης καταστάσεως, τὸ καταπέτασμα ἀντὶ τοῦ στερεώματος λαβών, ὃ καὶ μεσάζει τὴν σκηνὴν εἰς δύο σκηνάς, ὥσπερ καὶ τῷ οὐρανῷ καὶ τῇ γῇ μεσολαβοῦν τὸ στερέωμα ἐποίησε δύο κόσμους, τοῦτον καὶ τὸν μέλλοντα, ἐν ᾧ μέλλοντι κόσμῳ εἰσῆλθε πρῶτος πρόδρομος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν Χριστὸς ἐγκαινίσας ἡμῖν ὁδὸν πρόσφατον καὶ ζῶσαν. 2.36 Εἰς δὲ τὴν πρώτην σκηνὴν διαγράφει ἐν μὲν τῷ νότῳ τὴν λυχνίαν ἑπτὰ λύχνους ἔχουσαν κατὰ τὸν ἀριθμὸν τῆς ἑβδομάδος, τύπον ὑπάρχουσαν τῶν φωστήρων, φαίνοντας κατὰ τὴν τράπεζαν τὴν κειμένην ἐν τῷ βορρᾷ, τουτέστι τῆς γῆς, ἐν ᾗ κελεύει δώδεκα ἄρτους προθέσεως ἐφημερινοὺς τίθεσθαι κατὰ τὸν ἀριθμὸν τῶν δώδεκα μηνῶν, εἰς ἑκάστην γωνίαν τῆς τραπέζης τρεῖς ἄρτους, ὃ γίνεται τροπαὶ