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useful in these things and perhaps very much so, like honey mixed with hemlock; but great is the fear that for those who do not discern, some death-dealing remnant might be taken along with it unnoticed. And if you examine, you would see that all or most of the terrible heresies took their beginnings from this, including these "image-knowers," who say that it is from knowledge that man receives the "according to the image," and through it the soul is formed according to God. For it is according to what was said to (p. 110) Cain, "if you offer correctly, but do not divide correctly." But to divide correctly belongs to exceedingly few, and only to those who have the faculties of the soul trained for the discernment of both good and evil. What need is there, then, to risk danger in vain, especially when it is possible not only without danger, but also profitably, to perceive the wisdom of God in His creations? For a life without care, through hope in God, naturally moves the soul toward the understanding of God's creations; and it is filled with wonder as it attends to and delves into this, and it abides glorifying the Creator, and through this wonder it is led by the hand toward greater things. For according to Saint Isaac, it encounters treasures that cannot be expressed by the tongue, and using prayer as a kind of key, through it penetrates to those mysteries "which eye has not seen, and ear has not heard, and have not entered into the heart of man," which are revealed to the worthy only through the Spirit, as Paul says.

Do you see a most direct and most beneficial and safe road leading to these supernatural and heavenly treasures? But in the case of outside wisdom, one must first kill the serpent, having cast down the puffing up that came to you from it (and of how great difficulty this is; for they say, "humility" makes "the arrogance of philosophy unnatural"); but having cast it down nonetheless, then one must divide and cast away both its head and its tail, as extremes and unmitigated evils, that is, the clearly erroneous opinion concerning intelligible and divine things and first principles, and the mythology in its creations. As for what is in between, that is, the discourses concerning nature, just as pharmacists purify the flesh of serpents by boiling it with fire and water, so one must distinguish them from harmful (p. 112) thoughts by the soul's power of examination and contemplation. Nevertheless, even if you do all these things and make good use of what has been well discerned (and how great a task this is and how much discernment it requires), still, even if you make good use of the well-received portion of outside wisdom, this would not be an evil thing, for indeed it is its nature to become an instrument for some good; but not even so could it properly be called a gift of God and spiritual, since it is natural and not sent down from above. For this reason also Paul, who was wise if anyone was in divine things, calls it carnal, saying, "See our calling, that not many are wise according to the flesh." And yet who could have made better use of this wisdom than the outside wise men called by Paul? But nevertheless, as far as this is concerned, he calls them wise according to the flesh; reasonably so.

For just as the pleasure in childbearing according to the laws of marriage could least of all be called a divine gift of God, for it is a gift of the flesh and of nature, but not of grace, even though God made nature; so also the knowledge from outside learning, even if one uses it well, is a gift of nature, but not of grace, given by God through nature commonly to all and brought to increase by study. And this is clear proof that it is therefore a natural but not a spiritual gift, that it comes to no one at all without effort and study. For a gift properly of God, and not natural, is our divine wisdom, which, even if it descends from above upon fishermen, makes them sons of thunder, according to Gregory the Theologian, resounding with the word to the ends of the inhabited world, and if upon tax collectors, it makes them merchants of souls, and if upon those fervent in zeal as persecutors, it transforms them and makes Pauls out of Sauls, who reach from earth up to the third heaven and hear unutterable things. through it, therefore, it is possible for us also to be according to the image of God

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χρήσιμον ἐν τούτοις καί πολύ γ᾿ ἴσως ὡς μέλι κωνείῳ παραμιχθέν˙ ἀλλά καί πολύ τό δέος μή διακρίνουσιν ἐκεῖθεν λάθῃ τι συναποληφθέν λείψανον θανατηγόρον. Κἄν ἐξετάσῃς, ἴδοις ἄν πάσας ἤ τάς πλείστας τῶν δεινῶν αἱρέσεων ἐντεῦθεν λαβούσας τάς ἀρχάς, καί τούς εἰκονογνώστας τούτους, οἵ φασιν ἐκ τῆς γνώσεως τό κατ᾿ εἰκόνα τόν ἄνθρωπον λαμβάνειν καί δι᾿ αὐτῆς κατά Θεόν μορφοῦσθαι τήν ψυχήν. Κατά γάρ τό πρός τόν (σελ. 110) Κάϊν εἰρημένην «οὐκ ἄν ὀρθῶς προσενέγκοις, ὀρθῶς δέ μή διέλῃς». Τό δέ διελεῖν ὀρθῶς ἐπιεικῶς ὀλίγων, κἀκείνων μόνων, ὅσοι τά αἰσθητήρια τῆς ψυχῆς ἔχουσι γεγυμνασμένα πρός διάκρισιν καλοῦ τε καί κακοῦ. Τίς τοίνυν χρεία παρακινδυνεύειν μάτην, καί ταῦτ᾿ ἐνόν οὐχ ὅπως ἀκινδύνως, ἀλλά καί λυσιτελῶς, τήν ἐν τοῖς κτίσμασι Θεοῦ σοφίαν κατιδεῖν; Ἄφροντις γάρ βίος διά τήν εἰς Θεόν ἐλπίδα φυσικῶς κινεῖ τήν ψυχήν πρός κατανόησιν τῶν κτισμάτων τοῦ Θεοῦ˙ ἐκπλήττεταί τε ταύτῃ προσανέχουσα καί ἐμβαθύνουσα, καί παραμένει δοξάζουσα τόν κτίστην, καί διά τοῦ θαύματος τούτου χειραγωγεῖται πρός τά μείζω˙ κατά γάρ τόν ἅγιον Ἰσαάκ θησαυροῖς ἐντυγχάνει διά γλώττης φρασθῆναι μή δυναμένοις καί οἷά τινι κλείθρῳ χρησαμένη τῇ εὐχῇ, δι᾿ αὐτῆς εἰσδύεται πρός τά μυστήρια ἐκεῖνα «ἅ ὀφθαλμός οὐκ οἶδε, καί οὖς οὐκ ἤκουσε, καί ἐπί καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἀνέβη», διά μόνου τοῦ Πνεύματος, καθά φησιν ὁ Παῦλος, φανερούμενα τοῖς ἀξίοις.

Ὁρᾷς ἐπιτομωτάτην καί πολυωφελῆ καί ἀκίνδυνον ὁδόν πρός αὐτούς φέρουσαν τούς ὑπερφυεῖς καί οὐρανίους θησαυρούς; Ἐπί δέ τῆς θύραθεν σοφίας, δεῖ μέν πρῶτον τόν ὄφιν ἀποκτεῖναι, καθελόντα σε τό παρ᾿ αὐτῆς προσγενόμενόν σοι φύσημα (πόσης δέ τοῦτο δυσχερείας˙ «ταπεινώσει» γάρ, φασίν, «ἔκφυλον τό τῆς φιλοσοφίας φρύαγμα)˙ καθελόντα δ᾿ ὅμως, ἔπειτα διελεῖν καί διαρρῖψαι κεφαλήν τε καί οὐράν, ὡς ἄκρα καί ἄκρατα κακά, τήν περί τῶν νοερῶν καί θείων καί ἀρχῶν δηλαδή σαφῶς πεπλανημένην δόξαν καί τήν ἐν τοῖς κτίσμασι μυθολογίαν. Τό δέ μεταξύ, τούς περί φύσεως τουτέστι λόγους, ὡς οἱ φαρμακοποιοί πυρί καί ὕδατι τάς τῶν ὄφεων σάρκας ἀποκαθαίρουσιν ἕψοντες, οὕτω δέ τῷ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐξεταστικῷ καί θεωρητικῷ τῶν βλαβερῶν (σελ. 112) διακρῖναι νοημάτων. Οὐ μήν ἀλλ᾿ εἰ καί ταῦθ᾿ ἅπαντα ποιήσεις καί καλῶς χρήσῃ τῷ καλῶς διακριθέντι (ὅσον δέ καί τοῦτ᾿ ἔργον καί ὅσης δεῖται διακρίσεως), ὅμως εἰ καί καλῶς χρήσῃ τῷ καλῶς ἀπειλημμένῳ μορίῳ τῆς ἔξωθεν σοφίας, κακόν μέν οὐκ ἄν εἴη τοῦτο, καί γάρ ὄργανον πέφυκε γίνεσθαι πρός τι καλόν˙ ἀλλ᾿ οὐδ᾿ οὕτως ἄν κληθείη Θεοῦ κυρίως δῶρον καί πνευματικόν, ἅτε φυσικόν καί μή ἄνωθεν καταπεμφθέν. ∆ιό καί ὁ σοφός εἴπερ τις τά θεῖα Παῦλος σαρκικόν αὐτό καλεῖ, «βλέπετε, λέγων, τήν κλῆσιν ἡμῶν, ὡς οὐ πολλοί σοφοί κατά σάρκα». Καίτοι τίς ἄν χρήσαιτο κάλλιον τῇ σοφίᾳ ταύτῃ τῶν ὑπό Παύλου κεκλημένων ἔξωθεν σοφῶν; Ἀλλ᾿ ὅμως κατά σάρκα τούτους, τό γε εἰς ταύτην ἧκον, ὀνομάζει σοφούς˙ εἰκότως.

Ὡς γάρ ἡ ἐπί παιδοποιΐᾳ κατά τούς νομίμους τῶν γάμων ἡδονή θεῖον Θεοῦ δῶρον, ἥκιστ᾿ ἄν κληθείη, σαρκικόν γάρ καί φύσεως, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ χάριτος δῶρον, καίτοι τήν φύσιν ὁ Θεός ἐποίησεν˙ οὕτω καί ἡ παρά τῆς ἔξω παιδείας γνῶσις, εἰ καί καλῶς τις ταύτῃ χρῷτο, φύσεώς ἐστιν, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ χάριτος τό δόμα, διά τῆς φύσεως παρά Θεοῦ κοινῇ πᾶσι δεδομένον καί μελέτῃ πρός ἐπίδοσιν ἀγόμενον˙ ὅ καί τοῦτο τεκμήριον ἐναργές ὡς φυσικόν ἀλλ᾿ οὐ πνευματικόν ἄρα δῶρον, τό μή σπουδῆς καί μελέτης ἄνευ μηδενί τῶν ἁπάντων παραγίνεσθαι. Θεοῦ γάρ κυρίως δῶρον, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ φυσικόν, ἡ καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς θεοσοφία, ἥ κἄν ἁλιεῦσιν ἄνωθεν ἐπιπτῇ βροντῆς υἱούς, κατά τόν θεολόγον Γρηγόριον, ἀπεργάζεται, περιηχοῦντας, τῷ λόγῳ τῆς οἰκουμένης τά πέρατα, κἄν τελώναις, ψυχῶν ἐμπόρους δημιουργεῖ, κἄν διώκταις θερμοῖς τόν ζῆλον, μετατίθησι καί ποιεῖ Παύλους ἀντί Σαύλων, ἀπό γῆς μέχρι οὐρανοῦ τρίτου φθάνοντας καί ἀκούοντας ἄρρητα˙ δι᾿ αὐτῆς τοίνυν ἔνι καί ἡμᾶς κατ᾿ εἰκόνα Θεοῦ