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having recorded it, also related that he was born of a virgin. If, therefore, through the things that have been said, it is credible that he was born, through these same things it is surely not incredible that he was born in this way. For he who spoke of the birth also added that it was from virginity; and he who mentioned the death also testified to the resurrection in addition to the death. If therefore from what you hear you grant that he both died and was born, from the same things you will certainly also grant that both his birth and his death were without passion. But indeed these things are greater than nature. Therefore, he who is shown to have been born in circumstances beyond nature is by no means within nature.

14 What then is the cause, he says, of the divine descending to this humility, so that faith is doubtful, whether God, the uncontainable and incomprehensible and ineffable reality, that which is beyond all glory and all majesty, is mingled with the filth of human nature, so that even his sublime activities are made contemptible by the admixture with what is lowly.

15 We are not at a loss for an answer worthy of God for this also. You seek the cause of God’s being among men? If you take away from life the benefits that come from God, you would not be able to say from what you would recognize the divine. For from the benefits we receive, from these we recognize the benefactor; for looking at the things that happen, through these we reason to the nature of the one who acts. If therefore the proper mark of the divine nature is love for humanity, you have the reason you sought, you have the cause of God's presence among men. For our nature, having grown sick, needed the healer; man in his fall needed the one who raises up; he who was deprived of life needed the life-giver; he who was cut off from participation in the good needed the one who brings back to the good; he who was imprisoned in darkness required the presence of the light; the captive sought the redeemer, the prisoner, a fellow combatant, he who was held by the yoke of slavery, the liberator. Were these things small and unworthy to persuade God to descend to visit human nature, when humanity was in such a pitiful and wretched state? But it was possible, he says, for man to be benefited and for God to remain in impassibility. For he who by his will established the universe and gave subsistence to what was not by the mere impulse of his will, why did he not also, by some sovereign and divine authority, snatch man from the contrary power and lead him to his original state, if this was his pleasure; but he goes through long circuits, entering the nature of a body, and through birth coming into life, and passing through every age in succession, then tasting death, and thus through the resurrection of his own body accomplishing his purpose, as if it were not possible for him, while remaining on the height of his divine glory, to save man by a command, and to let such circuits go? Therefore it is necessary for the truth to be set by us against such objections also, so that faith may not be hindered in any way for those who searchingly seek the reason of the mystery. First, then, let us consider what is opposed to virtue as its contrary, a point which has already been moderately examined in what has gone before. As darkness is to light, and death to life, so to virtue, it is clear, is vice, and nothing else besides this. For just as, though there are many things observed in creation, nothing else is in opposition to light or life—not a stone, not wood, not water, not a man, not any other existing thing—except those things specifically conceived as contrary, such as darkness and death; so also in the case of virtue, one could not say that any created thing is conceived as its contrary, except the concept of vice. Therefore, if our account maintained that the divine came to be in vice, the objector would have reason to decry our faith, as of people who hold doctrines both unfitting and unseemly concerning the divine nature; for it was surely not right that wisdom itself and goodness itself and

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ἱστορήσας καὶ τὸ ἐκ παρθένου γεγεν νῆσθαι συνδιηγήσατο. εἰ οὖν πιστόν ἐστι διὰ τῶν εἰρη μένων τὸ γεγεννῆσθαι αὐτόν, διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων πάντως οὐδὲ τὸ οὕτως αὐτὸν γεγεννῆσθαι ἀπίθανον. ὁ γὰρ τὴν γέννησιν εἰπὼν καὶ τὸ ἐκ παρθενίας προσέ θηκεν· καὶ ὁ τοῦ θανάτου μνησθεὶς καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν τῷ θανάτῳ προσεμαρτύρησεν. εἰ οὖν ἀφ' ὧν ἀκούεις καὶ τεθνάναι καὶ γεγεννῆσθαι δίδως, ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν δώσεις πάντως καὶ τὸ ἔξω πάθους εἶναι καὶ τὴν γέννησιν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸν θάνατον. ἀλλὰ μὴν ταῦτα μείζω τῆς φύσεως. οὐκοῦν οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνος πάντως ἐντὸς τῆς φύσεως ὁ ἐν τοῖς ὑπὲρ τὴν φύσιν γεγενῆσθαι ἀποδεικνύμενος.

14 Τίς οὖν αἰτία, φησί, τοῦ πρὸς τὴν ταπεινότητα ταύτην καταβῆναι τὸ θεῖον, ὡς ἀμφίβολον εἶναι τὴν πίστιν, εἰ θεός, τὸ ἀχώρητον καὶ ἀκατανόητον καὶ ἀνεκλάλητον πρᾶγμα, τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶσαν δόξαν καὶ πᾶσαν μεγαλειότητα, τῷ λύθρῳ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως καταμίγνυται, ὡς καὶ τὰς ὑψηλὰς ἐνεργείας αὐτοῦ τῇ πρὸς τὸ ταπεινὸν ἐπιμιξίᾳ συνευτελίζεσθαι.

15 Οὐκ ἀποροῦμεν καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο θεοπρεποῦς ἀποκρίσεως. ζητεῖς τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ γενέσθαι θεὸν ἐν ἀνθρώποις; ἐὰν ἀφέλῃς τοῦ βίου τὰς θεόθεν γινομένας εὐεργεσίας, ἐκ ποίων ἐπιγνώσῃ τὸ θεῖον οὐκ ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχοις. ἀφ' ὧν γὰρ εὖ πάσχομεν, ἀπὸ τούτων τὸν εὐ εργέτην ἐπιγινώσκομεν· πρὸς γὰρ τὰ γινόμενα βλέποντες, διὰ τούτων τὴν τοῦ ἐνεργοῦντος ἀναλογιζόμεθα φύσιν. εἰ οὖν ἴδιον γνώρισμα τῆς θείας φύσεως ἡ φιλανθρωπία, ἔχεις ὃν ἐπεζήτησας λόγον, ἔχεις τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς ἐν ἀνθρώποις τοῦ θεοῦ παρουσίας. ἐδεῖτο γὰρ τοῦ ἰατρεύοντος ἡ φύσις ἡμῶν ἀσθενήσασα, ἐδεῖτο τοῦ ἀνορθοῦντος ὁ ἐν τῷ πτώ ματι ἄνθρωπος, ἐδεῖτο τοῦ ζωοποιοῦντος ὁ ἀφαμαρτὼν τῆς ζωῆς, ἐδεῖτο τοῦ πρὸς τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐπανάγοντος ὁ ἀπορρυεὶς τῆς τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μετουσίας, ἔχρῃζε τῆς τοῦ φωτὸς παρου σίας ὁ καθειργμένος τῷ σκότῳ, ἐπεζήτει τὸν λυτρωτὴν ὁ αἰχμάλωτος, τὸν συναγωνιστὴν ὁ δεσμώτης, τὸν ἐλευθε ρωτὴν ὁ τῷ ζυγῷ τῆς δουλείας κατεχόμενος. ἆρα μικρὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἀνάξια τὸν θεὸν δυσωπῆσαι πρὸς ἐπίσκεψιν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως καταβῆναι, οὕτως ἐλεεινῶς καὶ ἀθλίως τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος διακειμένης; ἀλλ' ἐξῆν, φησί, καὶ εὐεργετηθῆναι τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ ἐν ἀπαθείᾳ τὸν θεὸν διαμεῖναι. ὁ γὰρ τῷ βουλήματι τὸ πᾶν συστησάμενος καὶ τὸ μὴ ὂν ὑποστήσας ἐν μόνῃ τῇ ὁρμῇ τοῦ θελήματος, τί οὐχὶ καὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον δι' αὐθεντικῆς τινὸς καὶ θεικῆς ἐξουσίας τῆς ἐναντίας δυνάμεως ἀποσπάσας πρὸς τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἄγει κατάστασιν, εἰ τοῦτο φίλον αὐτῷ· ἀλλὰ μακρὰς περιέρχεται περιόδους, σώματος ὑπερχόμενος φύσιν, καὶ διὰ γεννήσεως παριὼν εἰς τὸν βίον, καὶ πᾶσαν ἀκολούθως ἡλικίαν διεξιών, εἶτα θανάτου γευόμενος, καὶ οὕτως διὰ τῆς τοῦ ἰδίου σώματος ἀναστάσεως τὸν σκόπον ἀνύων, ὡς οὐκ ἐξὸν αὐτῷ μένοντι ἐπὶ τοῦ ὕψους τῆς θεικῆς δόξης, διὰ προστάγματος σῶσαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον, τὰς δὲ τοιαύτας περι όδους χαίρειν ἐᾶσαι; οὐκοῦν ἀνάγκη καὶ ταῖς τοιαύταις τῶν ἀντιθέσεων ἀντικαταστῆναι παρ' ἡμῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν, ὡς ἂν διὰ μηδενὸς ἡ πίστις κωλύοιτο τῶν ἐξεταστικῶς ζητούντων τοῦ μυστηρίου τὸν λόγον. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν, ὅπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς φθάσασιν ἤδη μετρίως ἐξήτασται, τί τῇ ἀρετῇ κατὰ τὸ ἐναντίον ἀντικαθέστηκεν, ἐπισκεψώμεθα. ὡς φωτὶ σκότος καὶ θάνατος τῇ ζωῇ, οὕτω τῇ ἀρετῇ ἡ κακία δῆλον ὅτι, καὶ οὐδὲν παρὰ ταύτην ἕτερον. καθάπερ γὰρ πολλῶν ὄντων τῶν ἐν τῇ κτίσει θεωρουμένων οὐδὲν ἄλλο πρὸς τὸ φῶς ἢ τὴν ζωὴν τὴν ἀντιδιαίρεσιν ἔχει, οὐ λίθος, οὐ ξύλον, οὐχ ὕδωρ, οὐκ ἄνθρωπος, οὐκ ἄλλο τι τῶν ὄντων οὐδέν, πλὴν ἰδίως τὰ κατὰ τὸ ἐναντίον νοούμενα, οἷον σκότος καὶ θάνατος· οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς οὐκ ἄν τις κτίσιν τινὰ κατὰ τὸ ἐναντίον αὐτῇ νοεῖσθαι λέγοι, πλὴν τὸ κατὰ κακίαν νόημα. οὐκοῦν εἰ μὲν ἐν κακίᾳ γεγενῆσθαι τὸ θεῖον ὁ ἡμέτερος ἐπρέσβευε λόγος, καιρὸν εἶχεν ὁ ἀντι λέγων κατατρέχειν ἡμῶν τῆς πίστεως, ὡς ἀνάρμοστά τε καὶ ἀπεμφαίνοντα περὶ τῆς θείας φύσεως δογματιζόντων· οὐ γὰρ δὴ θεμιτὸν ἦν αὐτοσοφίαν καὶ ἀγαθότητα καὶ