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The most specific species is called form, as in, a formed substance. The holy fathers, therefore, apply the name of substance and nature and form to the most specific species, and they say that substance and nature and form are the same thing, that is, the most specific species; and they call the individuals under the same most specific species consubstantial, and of the same nature, and of the same genus, and of the same form. But they call the most specific species of a different substance, and of a different nature, and of a different species, and of a different genus, and of a different form. For it is not possible for a species not to be of a different substance, and of a different nature, and of a different form from another species, or a nature from another nature, or a substance from another substance. It is necessary to know that it is impossible for one composite nature to come into being from two substances, that is, natures; for it is impossible for contrary constitutive differences to exist together in the same thing at the same time. But it is possible for one composite hypostasis to come into being from different natures, as man is composed of soul and body; for even if one speaks of one nature of men, yet the individual man is not said to be of one nature. For the one nature of men is called composite, because all the composite hypostases of men are included under one species. But the individual man is not said to be of one nature, because each hypostasis of men consists of two natures, I mean of soul and body, and it preserves these unconfused in itself; and the proof is the division that occurs through death. 26 Concerning hypostasis. The name hypostasis has two meanings: sometimes simple existence, in which meaning substance and hypostasis are the same, whence some of the holy fathers called them natures, that is, hypostases; and sometimes existence in itself and by itself, in which meaning it denotes the individual, differing in number, that is, Peter, Paul, a particular horse. For it must be known that neither formless substance exists by itself, nor essential difference, nor species, nor accident, but only the hypostases or individuals, and in them are contemplated the substances and the essential differences, the species and the accidents. And simple substance is contemplated in the same way in all hypostases, in the inanimate and the animate, the rational and the irrational, the mortal and the immortal. But the essential differences are one kind in inanimate beings and another in animate, one in rational and another in irrational, likewise one in mortal and another in immortal, and, to put it simply, in the hypostases of each most specific species, the same differences both unite them to one another in the concept of substance, and separate them from the hypostases of other species. Likewise also the accidents are contemplated in them, that is, in the hypostases, separating each hypostasis from hypostases of the same species. Therefore the individual has properly inherited the name of hypostasis; for in it substance exists in actuality, having taken on accidents. 27 Concerning person. Person is that which, through its own operations and properties, presents to us a very clear and defined appearance of those of the same nature, for example, Gabriel conversing with the holy Mother of God, being one of the angels, alone present there was conversing, separated from the consubstantial angels by his presence in that place and his speech, and Paul speaking publicly on the steps, being one of men, was distinguished from the rest of men by his properties and operations. It must be known that the holy fathers called hypostasis and person and individual the same thing, that which exists by itself and of its own constitution from substance and accidents, and differs in number, and denotes a particular one, for example Peter, Paul, this horse. And hypostasis is so called from subsisting. 28 Concerning that which is in a hypostasis. And that which is in a hypostasis sometimes signifies simple existence, in which meaning we call not only simple substance that which is in a hypostasis, but also accident, which properly is not

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εἰδικώτατον εἶδος μορφὴ λέγεται οἷον οὐσία μεμορφωμένη. Οἱ οὖν ἅγιοι πατέρες ἐπὶ τοῦ εἰδικωτάτου εἴδους τάσσουσι τὸ τῆς οὐσίας καὶ φύσεως καὶ μορφῆς ὄνομα καὶ ταὐτὸν λέγουσιν οὐσίαν καὶ φύσιν καὶ μορφὴν τὸ εἰδικώτατον εἶδος· καὶ ὁμοούσια καὶ ὁμοφυῆ καὶ ὁμογενῆ καὶ σύμμορφα λέγουσι τὰ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ εἰδικώτατον εἶδος ἄτομα. Ἑτεροούσια δὲ καὶ ἑτεροφυῆ καὶ ἑτεροειδῆ καὶ ἑτερογενῆ καὶ ἑτερόμορφα τὰ εἰδικώτατα εἴδη λέγουσιν. Οὐ δυνατὸν γὰρ εἶδος ἄλλῳ εἴδει ἢ φύσιν ἄλλῃ φύσει ἢ οὐσίαν ἄλλῃ οὐσίᾳ μὴ εἶναι ἑτεροούσιον καὶ ἑτεροφυῆ καὶ ἑτερόμορφον. Χρὴ γινώσκειν, ὡς ἀδύνατόν ἐστιν ἐκ δύο οὐσιῶν ἤγουν φύσεων μίαν φύσιν σύνθετον γενέσθαι· ἀδύνατον γὰρ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ ἅμα τὰς ἀντιδιῃ ρημένας συστατικῶς ὑπάρξαι διαφοράς. Ὑπόστασιν δὲ μίαν σύνθετον ἐκ διαφόρων φύσεων δυνατὸν γενέσθαι, ὡς ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκ ψυχῆς ἐστι συντεθειμένος καὶ σώματος· εἰ γὰρ καὶ λέγεται μία φύσις τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλ' οὐ μιᾶς φύσεως ὁ ἄνθρωπος λέγεται ὁ καθέκαστα. Μία μὲν γὰρ φύσις τῶν ἀνθρώπων σύνθετος λέγεται, διότι ὑφ' ἓν εἶδος πᾶσαι αἱ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τελοῦσι σύνθετοι ὑποστάσεις. Μιᾶς δὲ φύσεως ὁ καθέκαστα ἄνθρωπος οὐ λέγεται, διότι ἑκάστη τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὑπόστασις ἐκ δύο συνέστηκε φύσεων, ἐκ ψυχῆς λέγω καὶ σώματος, καὶ ἀσυγχύτους ταύτας ἐν ἑαυτῇ φυλάττει· καὶ μάρτυς ἡ ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου γινομένη διαίρεσις. 26 Περὶ ὑποστάσεως. Τὸ τῆς ὑποστάσεως ὄνομα δύο σημαίνει· ποτὲ μὲν τὴν ἁπλῶς ὕπαρξιν, καθὸ σημαινόμενον ταὐτόν ἐστιν οὐσία καὶ ὑπόστασις, ὅθεν τινὲς τῶν ἁγίων πατέρων εἶπον αὐτὰς φύσεις ἤγουν τὰς ὑποστάσεις· ποτὲ δὲ τὴν καθ' αὑτὸ καὶ ἰδιοσύστατον ὕπαρξιν, καθ' ὃ σημαινόμενον τὸ ἄτομον δηλοῖ τῷ ἀριθμῷ διαφέρον ἤγουν τὸν Πέτρον, τὸν Παῦλον, τὸν τινὰ ἵππον. Χρὴ γὰρ γινώσκειν, ὡς οὔτε οὐσία ἀνείδεος ὑφέστηκε καθ' ἑαυτὴν οὐδὲ διαφορὰ οὐσιώδης οὔτε εἶδος οὔτε συμβεβηκός, ἀλλὰ μόναι αἱ ὑποστάσεις ἤτοι τὰ ἄτομα καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς αἵ τε οὐσίαι καὶ αἱ οὐσιώδεις διαφοραί, τά τε εἴδη καὶ τὰ συμβεβηκότα θεωροῦνται. Καὶ ἡ μὲν ἁπλῆ οὐσία ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ὑποστάσεσιν ὡσαύτως θεωρεῖται, ἔν τε ταῖς ἀψύχοις καὶ ἐμψύχοις, λογικαῖς τε καὶ ἀλόγοις, θνηταῖς τε καὶ ἀθανάτοις. Αἱ δὲ οὐσιώδεις διαφοραὶ ἄλλαι ἐν ταῖς ἀψύχοις καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἐμψύχοις ἕτεραι, ἐν ταῖς λογικαῖς ἄλλαι καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἀλόγοις ἕτεραι, ὁμοίως ἐν ταῖς θνηταῖς ἄλλαι καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἀθανάτοις ἕτεραι, καὶ ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν, ἐν ταῖς ἑκάστου εἰδικωτάτου εἴδους ὑποστάσεσιν αἱ αὐταὶ συνάπτουσαι μὲν αὐτὰς ἀλλήλαις τῷ λόγῳ τῆς οὐσίας, χωρίζουσαι δὲ αὐτὰς ἐκ τῶν ἑτεροειδῶν ὑποστάσεων. Ὁμοίως καὶ τὰ συμβεβηκότα ἐν αὐταῖς ἤτοι ταῖς ὑποστάσεσι θεωροῦνται χωρίζοντα ἑκάστην ὑπόστασιν ἐκ τῶν ὁμοειδῶν ὑποστάσεων. ∆ιὸ καὶ τὸ ἄτομον κυρίως τὸ τῆς ὑποστάσεως ἐκληρώσατο ὄνομα· ἐν αὐτῇ γὰρ ἡ οὐσία ἐνεργείᾳ ὑφίσταται προσλαβοῦσα τὰ συμβεβηκότα. 27 Περὶ προσώπου. Πρόσωπόν ἐστιν, ὅπερ διὰ τῶν οἰκείων ἐνεργημάτων τε καὶ ἰδιωμάτων ἀρίδηλον καὶ περιωρισμένην τῶν ὁμοφυῶν αὐτοῦ παρέχεται ἡμῖν τὴν ἐμφάνειαν, οἷον ὁ Γαβριὴλ τῇ ἁγίᾳ θεοτόκῳ διαλεγόμενος, εἷς τῶν ἀγγέλων ὑπάρχων, μόνος ἐκεῖσε παρὼν διελέγετο, κεχωρισμένος τῶν ὁμοουσίων ἀγγέλων διὰ τῆς ἐν τῷ τόπῳ παρουσίας καὶ διαλέξεως, καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ἐπὶ τῶν ἀναβαθμῶν δημηγορῶν, εἷς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὤν, διὰ τῶν ἰδιωμάτων καὶ ἐνεργημάτων αὐτοῦ τῶν λοιπῶν ἀνθρώπων διεστέλλετο. Χρὴ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὡς οἱ ἅγιοι πατέρες ὑπόστασιν καὶ πρόσωπον καὶ ἄτομον τὸ αὐτὸ ἐκάλεσαν, τὸ καθ' ἑαυτὸ ἰδιοσυστάτως ἐξ οὐσίας καὶ συμβεβηκότων ὑφιστάμενον καὶ ἀριθμῷ διαφέρον καὶ τὸν τινὰ δηλοῦν οἷον Πέτρον, Παῦλον, τόνδε τὸν ἵππον. Εἴρηται δὲ ὑπόστασις παρὰ τὸ ὑφεστάναι. 28 Περὶ ἐνυποστάτου. Καὶ τὸ ἐνυπόστατον δὲ ποτὲ μὲν τὴν ἁπλῶς ὕπαρξιν σημαίνει, καθ' ὃ σημαινόμενον οὐ μόνον τὴν ἁπλῶς οὐσίαν ἐνυπόστατον λέγομεν ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ συμβεβηκός, ὅπερ κυρίως οὐκ