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the cause. That these things are true, history is a witness; and it speaks thus: "First, Appius Claudius was appointed censor. This was one of the greatest offices; and its task was to investigate and judge the lives of the citizens, and to inflict punishments on those who erred against any authority; and no one was outside the censor's authority." The censors also had the authority to adorn the city with public works.

TRIBUNESHIP 44 So when the censors were troubling the subjects and proceeding more harshly against the citizens, and the money-lenders were behaving with extraordinary shamelessness toward the debtors, the people elected two tribunes for themselves, Gaius Licinius and Lucius Albinus, to arbitrate for the populace and to oversee the marketplace. The tribunes themselves were girt with swords, and they had public slaves for service, whom they called vernacli—a name which means home-born slaves; in these matters the people, overstepping the bounds of moderation, enacted a law that even the nobles could be summoned to court by the artisans, so that the consul, to appease the populace, introduced a law, that it was not permitted for the magistrates to punish a citizen without a vote of the tribune.

THE DECEMVIRAL AUTHORITY WHICH THE ITALIANS CALLED DECEMVIRATE 45

Then again, as the leading men were at variance with the populace, by a common vote they

removed the consuls, and entrusted the deliberation of common affairs to ten lawgivers. From the sixtieth year of the consuls for fifty years, with sometimes military tribunes, 68 sometimes interreges being appointed, affairs were in turmoil. Then for the first time a fixed public grain-ration was given to the soldiers, who before fed themselves in war. From that point the state suffered anarchy for a five-year period; and again consuls, then four aediles from the patricians and two quaestors and another praetor; and again the people appointed five augurs, and four hierophants. In the two hundred and sixty-third year of the consuls another praetor was appointed, to arbitrate for foreigners. The praetors did not exceed the year in their office. Until Caesar, the consuls managed the affairs of war, and the civil magistrates managed domestic affairs.

WHEN THE SO-CALLED CAPITA WERE FIRST GIVEN TO THE SOLDIERS AND WHAT THE NAME CAPITUM MEANS 46

In the three hundred and sixty-fifth year of the city, when Lucius Genucius and Quintus Servilius were consuls, as the Romans were warring with the Veii, their neighbors, it became necessary for them not only to spend the summer but also to winter among the enemy. Then for the first time it was decreed that the state provide for the soldiers, also for the expense of a horse, the so-called capita—for so they called the baskets made of reeds, from capere, as if "to hold," whence the Romans in their native tongue call the so-called capitula by a diminutive. Since the entire populace had served in the army from the beginning, they decided to establish a fixed and ready auxiliary force: cohorts of three hundred shield-bearers, which they call 70 cohorts, and alae, instead of ilae, of six hundred horsemen, vexillationes of five hundred horsemen, turmae of five hundred horse-archers, and legions of six thousand foot-soldiers and a stated number of horsemen. These are the divisions in the legions: alae of 600 horsemen, vexillationes of 500 horsemen, turmae of 500 horse-archers, legions of six thousand foot-soldiers, tribunes, tribunes ordinarii, commanders of a taxis, signiferi, standard-bearers, optiones,

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τὸν αἴτιον. ὅτι δὲ ἀληθῆ ταῦτα, μάρτυς ἡ ἱστορία· λέγει δὲ ὧδε· «πρῶτος Ἄππιος Κλαύδιος κήνσωρ προεβλήθη. ἀρχὴ δὲ ἦν αὕτη τῶν μεγίστων· καὶ ἔργον ἦν αὐτῇ τοὺς τῶν πολιτῶν διερευνᾶσθαί τε καὶ κρίνειν βίους, τιμωρίας τε ἐπάγειν τοῖς ἁμαρτάνουσι κατὰ πάσης δυναστείας· καὶ οὐδεὶς ἦν ἔξω τῆς τοῦ κήνσωρος ἐξουσίας.» κύριοι δὲ ἦσαν οἱ κήνσωρες καὶ ἔργοις κοινοῖς κατακοσμεῖν τὴν πόλιν. ∆ΗΜΑΡΧΊΑ 44 Οὕτως οὖν τῶν τιμητῶν ἐκταραττόντων τοὺς ὑπηκόους καὶ πικρότερον ἐπεξιόντων τοῖς πολίταις, καὶ διαφερόντως ἀδυσωπήτως διακειμένων τῶν δανειστῶν περὶ τοὺς χρήστας, ἐχειροτόνησεν ὁ δῆμος δύο δημάρχους ἑαυτῷ, Γάϊον Λικίνιον καὶ Λούκιον Ἀλβῖνον διαιτήσοντας τῷ πλήθει καὶ τὴν ἀγορὰν ἐποψομένους. αὐτοὶ δὲ οἱ δήμαρχοι μαχαίρας διεζώννυντο, δημοσίους δὲ οἰκέτας πρὸς ὑπηρεσίαν εἶχον, οὓς ἐκάλουν βερνάκλους σημαίνει δὲ τοὔνομα τοὺς οἰκογενεῖς οἰκέτας· ἐφ' ὧν τὸ μέτριον ὁ δῆμος ἐκβὰς καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς εὐπατρίδας καλεῖσθαι πρὸς τῶν βαναύσων εἰς δίκην ἐνομοθέτησεν, ὥστε τὸν ὕπατον πρὸς θεραπείαν τοῦ πλήθους νόμον ἐνεγκεῖν, μὴ ἐξεῖναι τοῖς ἄρχουσι δίχα ψήφου τοῦ δημάρχου τιμωρεῖσθαι πολίτην.

∆ΕΚΑΝ∆ΡΙΚῊ ἘΞΟΥΣΊΑ ἫΝ ἘΚΆΛΟΥΝἸΤΑΛΟῚ DECEMVIRATUM 45

Εἶτα αὖθις διαφερομένων τῶν λογάδων πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος, ψήφῳ κοινῇ τοὺς

μὲν ὑπάτους ἀπεκίνησαν, δέκα δὲ νομοθέταις τὴν διάσκεψιν τῶν κοινῶν ἐπέτρεψαν. ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ἑξηκοστοῦ ἔτους τῶν ὑπάτων ἐπὶ πεντήκοντα ἐνιαυτούς, ποτὲ μὲν χιλιάρχων, 68 ποτὲ δὲ μεσοβασιλέων προβαλλομένων, ἐθορυβεῖτο τὰ πράγματα. τότε σιτηρέσιον τὸ δημόσιον πρώτως τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐπιδέδωκεν ὡρισμένον, τὸ πρὶν ἑαυτοὺς ἀποτρέφουσιν ἐν πολέμῳ. ἔνθεν ἀναρχίαν ἐδυστύχησε τὸ πολίτευμα ἐπὶ πενταετῆ χρόνον· καὶ πάλιν ὕπατοι, εἶτα ἀγορανόμοι τέσσαρες ἐκ τῶν πατρικίων καὶ ταμίαι δύο καὶ πραίτωρ ἕτερος· καὶ πάλιν ὁ δῆμος προεχειρίσατο πέντε μὲν οἰωνοσκόπους, τέσσαρας δὲ ἱεροφάντας. ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ τρίτου καὶ ἑξηκοστοῦ καὶ διακοσιοστοῦ τῶν ὑπάτων ἔτους ἕτερος προεβλήθη πραίτωρ, ὥστε τοῖς ξένοις διαιτᾶν. τὸν δὲ ἐνιαυτὸν οἱ πραίτωρες ἐπὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς οὐχ ὑπερέβαινον. ἄχρι δὲ Καίσαρος ὕπατοι μὲν τὰ τῶν πολέμων, τὰ δὲ κατ' οἶκον οἱ πολιτικοὶ διῴκησαν ἄρχοντες.

ΠΌΤΕ ἘΠΕ∆ΌΘΗ ΠΡΩ͂ΤΟΝ ΤΟΙ͂Σ ΣΤΡΑΤΙΏΤΑΙΣ ΤᾺ ΛΕΓΌΜΕΝΑ ΚΆΠΙΤΑ ΚΑῚ ΤΊ

ΣΗΜΑΊΝΕΙ ΤῸ ΚΆΠΙΤΟΝ ὌΝΟΜΑ 46

Τῷ πέμπτῳ καὶ ἑξηκοστῷ καὶ τριακοσιοστῷ τῆς πόλεως ἔτει, Λουκίου Γενουκίου καὶ Κοΐντου Σερβιλίου ὑπάτων, πολεμούντων Βηΐοις τοῖς γείτοσι τῶν Ῥωμαίων, ἀνάγκη γέγονε μὴ διαθερίσαι μόνον ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ διαχειμάσαι αὐτοῖς παρὰ τοῖς πολεμίοις. τότε πρῶτον διωρίσθη τοῖς στρατιώταις παρασχεῖν τὸ δημόσιον καὶ ὑπὲρ ἵππου δαπάνης τὰ λεγόμενα κάπιτα οὕτω δὲ τοὺς ἀπὸ ῥάβδων κοφίνους ἐκάλεσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ κάπερε, οἷον εἰ χωρεῖν, ἔνθεν ὑποκοριστικῶς τὰ λεγόμενα καπίτουλα πατρίως οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι ὀνομάζουσιν. τοῦ δὲ δήμου ἀνέκαθεν στρατευομένου παντός, συνεῖδον ὡρισμένην καὶ εὐτρεπῆ συστήσασθαι βοήθειαν· σπείρας μὲν ἀπὸ τριακοσίων ἀσπιδιωτῶν, ἃς καλοῦσι 70 κοόρτης, ἄλας δέ, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἴλας, ἀπὸ ἑξακοσίων ἱππέων, βηξιλλατίωνας ἀπὸ πεντακοσίων ἱππέων, τούρμας ἀπὸ πεντακοσίων τοξοτῶν ἱππέων, καὶ λεγιῶνας ἀπὸ ἑξακισχιλίων πεζῶν καὶ ῥητῶν ἱππέων. τομαὶ δὲ ταῖς λεγιῶσιν αὖται· ἆλαι ἀπὸ χ ἱππέων βηξιλλατίωνες ἀπὸ φ ἱππέων τοῦρμαι ἀπὸ φ τοξοτῶν ἱππέων λεγιῶνες ἀπὸ ἑξακισχιλίων πεζῶν τριβοῦνοι, δήμαρχοι ὀρδινάριοι, ταξίαρχοι σιγνιφέραι, σημειοφόροι ὀπτίωνες,