John of Damascus, Dialectic Fuller Recension

Commonalities and differences of the 5 predicables. It is necessary to know that these five predicables have in common with one another that they are all predicated of several things. But they differ from one another, in that genus is predicated of several things differing in species in [answer to the question] what it is, while species is predicated of several things differing in number in [answer to the question] what it is. And differentia and accident are predicated of several things differing in species in [answer to the question] what sort of thing it is, while property is predicated of several things differing in number, that is, of one species and of the individuals under it, in [answer to the question] what sort of thing it is. And differentia differs from accident, in that differentia is essential, that is, part of the substance of the subject, while accident is not a part of the substance but is non-essential. 20 Commonality and difference of genus and differentia. Common to genus and differentia are that both are comprehensive of species and that they are predicated synonymously of species and of individuals. It is necessary to know that whatever is predicated of something as of a subject, that is, synonymously, will also be predicated synonymously of its subject, but whatever [is predicated] homonymously, not at all. Particular to genus in relation to differentia are: that genus is more extensive than the differentiae under it and the other three predicables; that genus contains the differentiae potentially; that genus is by nature prior to the differentiae; that genus is predicated in [answer to the question] what it is, while differentia is in [answer to the question] what sort of thing it is; that the proximate genus is one, but the differentiae are several; that genus corresponds to matter, while differentia corresponds to form. 21 Commonality and difference of genus and species. Common to genus and species are: being predicated of several things in [answer to the question] what it is; being by nature prior to the things under them; that both are a kind of whole. Particular to genus and species are: that genus is more universal than species; that species exceeds genus by the differentiae; that genus is predicated synonymously of species, but species is not convertible; that neither is the genus most specific nor the species most general, nor will the most general be a species, nor will the most specific be a genus. 22 Commonality and difference of genus and property. Common to genus and property are: that both follow the species, that is, are predicated; that both are predicated equally of those things of which they are predicated; that they are predicated synonymously. The difference of genus and property is: that genus is by nature prior to property; that genus is predicated of several species, but property of one; that property is convertible with species, but genus is not; that property belongs to the species alone, but genus not alone. 23 Commonality and difference of genus and accident. Common to genus and accident is being predicated of several things. Particular to genus and accident are: that genus exists prior to the species to which the accidents belong, while accidents are posterior to the species; that participation in the genus is equal, but in accidents is not; that accident belongs primarily to the individuals and then to the species, but genus the reverse; that genera are predicated in [answer to the question] what it is, while accidents are in [answer to the question] what sort of thing it is or how it is. 24 Commonality and difference of differentia and species. Common to differentia and species are: that they are participated in equally; that they are always present in those things in which they are participated. Particular to differentia and species are: that differentia is predicated in [answer to the question] what sort of thing it is, while species is in [answer to the question] what it is; that differentia contains several species and their individuals, while species contains only the individuals under it; that differentia is by nature prior to the species; that a differentia is combined with a differentia, but a species with a species not at all. 25 Commonality and difference of differentia and property. Common to differentia and property are: being predicated equally of all participants; being always present to the whole species. Particular to differentia and property are: that differentia contains many species, while property contains only one; that differentia is not convertible with the species, while property is convertible. 26 Commonality and difference of differentia and accident. Common to differentia and accident are, that both are predicated of several things in [answer to the question] what sort of thing it is and that differentia and inseparable accident are always present in those things of which they are predicated.

Κοινωνίαι καὶ διαφοραὶ τῶν εʹ φωνῶν. ∆εῖ γινώσκειν, ὅτι κοινωνοῦσιν αἱ πέντε αὗται φωναὶ ἀλλήλαις κατὰ τὸ πάσας κατὰ πλειόνων κατηγορεῖσθαι. ∆ιαφέρουσι δὲ ἀλλήλων, ὅτι τὸ μὲν γένος κατὰ πλειόνων καὶ διαφερόντων τῷ εἴδει ἐν τῷ τί ἐστι κατηγορεῖται, τὸ δὲ εἶδος κατὰ πλειόνων καὶ διαφερόντων τῷ ἀριθμῷ ἐν τῷ τί ἐστι κατηγορεῖται. Ἡ δὲ διαφορὰ καὶ τὸ συμβεβηκὸς κατὰ πλειόνων καὶ διαφερόντων τῷ εἴδει ἐν τῷ ποῖόν τί ἐστι κατηγοροῦνται, τὸ δὲ ἴδιον κατὰ πλειόνων καὶ διαφερόντων τῷ ἀριθμῷ τουτέστι καθ' ἑνὸς εἴδους καὶ τῶν ὑπ' αὐτὸ ἀτόμων ἐν τῷ ποῖόν τί ἐστι κατηγορεῖται. ∆ιαφέρει δὲ ἡ διαφορὰ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος, ὅτι ἡ μὲν διαφορὰ οὐσιώδης ἐστὶν ἤγουν μέρος τῆς οὐσίας τοῦ ὑποκειμένου, τὸ δὲ συμβεβηκὸς οὐχ ὡς μέρος τῆς οὐσίας ἀλλ' ἐπουσιῶδες. 20 Κοινωνία καὶ διαφορὰ γένους καὶ διαφορᾶς. Κοινὰ δὲ γένους καὶ διαφορᾶς τὸ περιεκτικὰ εἶναι τῶν εἰδῶν ἀμφότερα καὶ τὸ συνωνύμως κατηγορεῖσθαι τῶν εἰδῶν καὶ τῶν ἀτόμων. Χρὴ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὅτι ὅσα κατηγορεῖται κατά τινος ὡς καθ' ὑποκειμένου ἤγουν συνωνύμως, καὶ τοῦ ὑποκειμένου αὐτῷ συνωνύμως κατηγορηθήσεται, ὅσα δὲ ὁμωνύμως, οὐδαμῶς. Ἴδια δὲ τοῦ γένους πρὸς διαφοράν· ὅτι τὸ γένος ἐπὶ πλέον ἐστὶ τῶν ὑπ' αὐτὸ διαφορῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τριῶν φωνῶν· ὅτι τὸ γένος περιέχει τὰς διαφορὰς δυνάμει· ὅτι τὸ γένος φύσει πρότερον τῶν διαφορῶν· ὅτι τὸ γένος ἐν τῷ τί ἐστιν, ἡ δὲ διαφορὰ ἐν τῷ ποῖόν τί ἐστι κατηγορεῖται· ὅτι τὸ προσεχὲς γένος ἕν, αἱ δὲ διαφοραὶ πλείους· ὅτι τὸ γένος ἀναλογεῖ ὕλῃ, μορφῇ δὲ ἡ διαφορά. 21 Κοινωνία καὶ διαφορὰ γένους καὶ εἴδους. Κοινὰ γένους καὶ εἴδους· τὸ κατὰ πλειόνων ἐν τῷ τί ἐστι κατηγορεῖσθαι· τὸ φύσει πρότερα εἶναι τῶν ὑπ' αὐτά· τὸ ὅλον τι εἶναι ἀμφότερα. Ἴδια δὲ γένους καὶ εἴδους· ὅτι τὸ γένος καθολικώτερόν ἐστι τοῦ εἴδους· ὅτι τὸ εἶδος περιττεύει τοῦ γένους ταῖς διαφοραῖς· ὅτι τὸ γένος συνωνύμως κατηγορεῖται τοῦ εἴδους, τὸ δὲ εἶδος οὐκ ἀντιστρέφει· ὅτι οὔτε τὸ γένος εἰδικώτατον οὔτε τὸ εἶδος γενικώτατον οὔτε τὸ γενικώτατον ἔσται εἶδος οὔτε τὸ εἰδικώτατον ἔσται γένος. 22 Κοινωνία καὶ διαφορὰ γένους καὶ ἰδίου. Κοινὰ γένους καὶ ἰδίου· ὅτι ἀμφότερα τοῖς εἴδεσιν ἕπονται ἤγουν κατηγοροῦνται· ὅτι ἐπίσης κατηγοροῦνται, ὧν κατηγοροῦνται ἀμφότερα· ὅτι συνωνύμως κατηγοροῦνται. ∆ιαφορὰ δὲ γένους καὶ ἰδίου· ὅτι φύσει πρότερον τὸ γένος τοῦ ἰδίου· ὅτι τὸ γένος κατὰ πλειόνων εἰδῶν κατηγορεῖται, τὸ δὲ ἴδιον ἑνός· ὅτι τὸ μὲν ἴδιον ἀντιστρέφει πρὸς τὸ εἶδος, τὸ δὲ γένος οὐκέτι· ὅτι τὸ μὲν ἴδιον μόνῳ τῷ εἴδει ὑπάρχει, τὸ δὲ γένος οὐ μόνῳ. 23 Κοινωνία καὶ διαφορὰ γένους καὶ συμβεβηκότος. Κοινὸν γένους καὶ συμβεβηκότος τὸ κατὰ πλειόνων κατηγορεῖσθαι. Ἴδια δὲ γένους καὶ συμβεβηκότος· ὅτι τὸ γένος πρότερον ὑπάρχει τῶν εἰδῶν, οἷς ὑπάρχει τὰ συμβεβηκότα, τὰ δὲ συμβεβηκότα τῶν εἰδῶν ὕστερα· ὅτι τοῦ μὲν γένους ἐπίσης ἡ μετοχή, τῶν δὲ συμβεβηκότων οὐκέτι· ὅτι τὸ συμβεβηκὸς προηγουμένως τοῖς ἀτόμοις ὑπάρχει καὶ τότε τοῖς εἴδεσι, τὸ δὲ γένος ἀνάπαλιν· ὅτι τὰ γένη ἐν τῷ τί ἐστι κατηγοροῦνται, τὰ δὲ συμβεβηκότα ἐν τῷ ποῖόν τί ἐστιν ἢ πῶς ἔχον. 24 Κοινωνία καὶ διαφορὰ διαφορᾶς καὶ εἴδους. Κοινὰ διαφορᾶς καὶ εἴδους· ὅτι ἐπίσης μετέχονται· ὅτι ἀεὶ πάρεισιν, οἷς μετέχονται. Ἴδια διαφορᾶς καὶ εἴδους· ὅτι ἡ μὲν διαφορὰ ἐν τῷ ποῖόν τί ἐστι, τὸ δὲ εἶδος ἐν τῷ τί ἐστι κατηγορεῖται· ὅτι ἡ διαφορὰ πλείονα εἴδη περιέχει καὶ τὰ τούτων ἄτομα, τὸ δὲ εἶδος μόνον τὰ ὑπ' αὐτὸ ἄτομα· ὅτι ἡ διαφορὰ φύσει προτέρα τῶν εἰδῶν· ὅτι διαφορὰ μετὰ διαφορᾶς συντίθεται, εἶδος δὲ μετὰ εἴδους οὐδαμῶς. 25 Κοινωνία καὶ διαφορὰ διαφορᾶς καὶ ἰδίου. Κοινὰ διαφορᾶς καὶ ἰδίου· τὸ ἐπίσης κατηγορεῖσθαι πᾶσι τοῖς μετέχουσι· τὸ ἀεὶ καὶ παντὶ τῷ εἴδει παρεῖναι. Ἴδια διαφορᾶς καὶ ἰδίου· ὅτι ἡ μὲν διαφορὰ πολλὰ εἴδη περιέχει, τὸ δὲ ἴδιον ἓν μόνον· ὅτι ἡ διαφορὰ οὐκ ἀντιστρέφει πρὸς τὸ εἶδος, τὸ δὲ ἴδιον ἀντιστρέφει. 26 Κοινωνία καὶ διαφορὰ διαφορᾶς καὶ συμβεβηκότος. Κοινὰ διαφορᾶς καὶ συμβεβηκότος, ὅτι ἀμφότερα κατὰ πλειόνων ἐν τῷ ποῖόν τί ἐστι κατηγοροῦνται καὶ ὅτι ἡ διαφορὰ καὶ τὸ ἀχώριστον συμβεβηκὸς ἀεὶ πάρεισιν, οἷς κατηγοροῦνται.