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Of the arguments previously proposed by us for examination and confirming the resurrection, all are homogeneous, as springing from the same origin. For their origin is the creation of the first human beings. But some are strengthened by that first origin from which they sprang, while others that follow upon the nature and life of men receive their confirmation from the providence of God concerning us. For the cause according to which and for which humans came to be, being joined to the nature of humans from creation, has its strength; but the principle of justice, according to which God judges humans who have lived well or badly, from their end. For they spring from that, but depend rather on providence. And since we have demonstrated the first points as far as possible, it would be well also to demonstrate the matter at hand through the latter ones, I mean through the honor or punishment owed to each person according to a just judgment and through the end corresponding to human life, and of these to put first the one which naturally leads, and to consider first the argument concerning the judgment, having first stated only this much, with care for the proper beginning and order of the matters before us: that those who have accepted that God is the maker of this universe must attribute to His wisdom and justice the guardianship and providence over all things that have come to be, if, at least, they wish to abide by their own principles, and, thinking these things about these matters, to consider nothing on earth or in heaven to be without a guardian or without providence, but to know that the care from the Maker extends to everything invisible and visible alike, both small and great. For all things that have come to be need the care of the one who made them, and each one particularly according to what it is by nature and for what it is by nature. For I think it a useless ambition now to divide by genera or to wish to enumerate what is suitable for each nature. But as for man, about whom it is now proposed to speak, as being in need he requires nourishment, as mortal succession, and as rational justice. If each of the things mentioned is natural for man, and he needs nourishment for life, and needs succession for the continuation of the race, and needs justice for the lawful regulation of nourishment and succession, it is surely necessary, since nourishment and succession relate to the composite being, that justice also relates to it, and by the composite being I mean the man made of soul and body, and that such a man becomes liable for judgment for all his actions and receives honor or punishment for them. If, then, the just judgment brings the penalty for deeds done against the composite being, and the soul alone ought not to receive the wages for what it has done with the body (for it is impassible by itself with regard to bodily pleasures or food and services

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Τῶν πρῴην ἡμῖν εἰς ἐξέτασιν προτεθέντων λόγων καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν πιστουμένων πάντες μέν εἰσιν ὁμογενεῖς, ὡς ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς φύντες ἀρχῆς· ἀρχὴ γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἡ τῶν πρώτων ἀνθρώπων ἐκ δημιουργίας γένεσις· ἀλλ' οἱ μὲν ἐξ αὐτῆς κρατύνονται τῆς πρώτης ἀρχῆς ἐξ ἧσπερ ἔφυσαν, οἱ δὲ παρεπόμενοι τῇ τε φύσει καὶ τῷ βίῳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐκ τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ περὶ ἡμᾶς προνοίας λαμβάνουσιν τὴν πίστιν· ἡ μὲν γὰρ αἰτία, καθ' ἣν καὶ δι' ἣν γεγόνασιν ἄνθρωποι, συνεζευγμένη τῇ φύσει τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐκ δημιουργίας ἔχει τὴν ἰσχύν, ὁ δὲ τῆς δικαιοσύνης λόγος, καθ' ὃν κρίνει θεὸς τοὺς εὖ ἢ κακῶς βεβιωκότας ἀνθρώπους, ἐκ τοῦ τούτων τέλους· φύονται μὲν γὰρ ἐκεῖθεν, ἤρτηνται δὲ μᾶλλον τῆς προνοίας. δεδειγμένων δὲ ἡμῖν τῶν πρώτων ὡς οἷόν τε, καλῶς ἂν ἔχοι καὶ διὰ τῶν ὑστέρων δεῖξαι τὸ προκείμενον, λέγω δὲ διὰ τῆς ὀφειλομένης ἑκάστῳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων κατὰ δικαίαν κρίσιν τιμῆς ἢ δίκης καὶ τοῦ κατὰ τὸν ἀνθρώπινον βίον τέλους, αὐτῶν δὲ τούτων προτάξαι τὸν κατὰ φύσιν ἡγούμενον καὶ πρῶτόν γε διασκέψασθαι τὸν περὶ τῆς κρίσεως λόγον, τοσοῦτον μόνον ὑπειπόντας φροντίδι τῆς προσηκούσης τοῖς προκειμένοις ἀρχῆς καὶ τάξεως ὅτι δεῖ τοὺς ποιητὴν τὸν θεὸν τοῦδε τοῦ παντὸς παραδεξαμένους τῇ τούτου σοφίᾳ καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ τὴν τῶν γενομένων ἁπάντων ἀνατιθέναι φυλακήν τε καὶ πρόνοιαν, εἴ γε ταῖς ἰδίαις ἀρχαῖς παραμένειν ἐθέλοιεν, ταῦτα δὲ περὶ τούτων φρονοῦντας μηδὲν ἡγεῖσθαι μήτε τῶν κατὰ γῆν μήτε τῶν κατ' οὐρανὸν ἀνεπιτρόπευτον μηδ' ἀπρονόητον, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ πᾶν ἀφανὲς ὁμοίως καὶ φαινόμενον μικρόν τε καὶ μεῖζον διήκουσαν γινώσκειν τὴν παρὰ τοῦ ποιήσαντος ἐπιμέλειαν. δεῖται γὰρ πάντα τὰ γενόμενα τῆς παρὰ τοῦ ποιήσαντος ἐπιμελείας, ἰδίως δὲ ἕκαστον καθ' ὃ πέφυκεν καὶ πρὸς ὃ πέφυκεν· ἀχρείου γὰρ οἶμαι φιλοτιμίας τὸ κατὰ γένη διαιρεῖν νῦν ἢ τὸ πρόσφορον ἑκάστῃ φύσει κατα- λέγειν ἐθέλειν. ὅ γε μὴν ἄνθρωπος, περὶ οὗ νῦν πρόκειται λέγειν, ὡς μὲν ἐνδεὴς δεῖται τροφῆς, ὡς δὲ θνητὸς διαδοχῆς, ὡς δὲ λογικὸς δίκης. εἰ δὲ τῶν εἰρημένων ἕκαστόν ἐστιν ἀνθρώπῳ κατὰ φύσιν καὶ δεῖται μὲν τροφῆς διὰ τὴν ζωήν, δεῖται δὲ διαδοχῆς διὰ τὴν τοῦ γένους διαμονήν, δεῖται δὲ δίκης διὰ τὸ τῆς τροφῆς καὶ τῆς διαδοχῆς ἔννομον, ἀνάγκη δήπου, τῆς τροφῆς καὶ τῆς διαδοχῆς ἐπὶ τὸ συν- αμφότερον φερομένης, ἐπὶ τοῦτο φέρεσθαι καὶ τὴν δίκην, λέγω δὲ συναμφότερον τὸν ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος ἄνθρωπον, καὶ τὸν τοιοῦτον ἄνθρωπον γίνεσθαι πάντων τῶν πεπραγμένων ὑπόδικον τήν τε ἐπὶ τούτοις δέχεσθαι τιμὴν ἢ τιμωρίαν. εἰ δὲ κατὰ τοῦ συναμφοτέρου φέρει τὴν ἐπὶ τοῖς εἰργασμένοις δίκην ἡ δικαία κρίσις καὶ μήτε τὴν ψυχὴν μόνην δεῖ κομίσασθαι τὰ ἐπίχειρα τῶν μετὰ τοῦ σώματος εἰργασμένων (ἀπροσπαθὴς γὰρ αὕτη καθ' ἑαυτὴν τῶν περὶ τὰς σωματικὰς ἡδονὰς ἢ τροφὰς καὶ θεραπείας