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they suppose. For they say that the body which revolves in a circle is one, and this is finite; which, if it has been joined together with the first heaven, leaves nothing for the creation of a second or third. These things, then, are imagined by those who introduce uncreated matter to the Creator, being carried away from the first fabrication to the consequent falsehood; but we ask the wise men of the Greeks not to mock us before they have settled their own disputes. For there are some among them who say that there are infinite heavens and worlds, and when those who use more weighty proofs refute the improbability of this, and by geometrical necessities establish that it is not in the nature of another heaven to come into being besides the one, then we shall laugh all the more at their linear and artful nonsense, if indeed, seeing bubbles, both one and many, coming into being from the same cause, they then doubt concerning more heavens, whether the creative power is sufficient to bring them into being. The strength and size of which we consider to differ in no way from the hollow moisture that is blown up at the fountains, when we look to the preeminence of the power of God. So their argument of impossibility is laughable. We, however, are so far from disbelieving in a second, that we even seek for the third, the sight of which the blessed Paul was deemed worthy. And the psalm, naming the heavens of heavens, has produced in us the idea of more. Surely these things are not more paradoxical than the seven circles, on which the seven stars are almost universally agreed to be carried, which they say are also fitted one within another, in the likeness of casks that have been inserted into each other. And that these, being carried in the opposite direction to the universe, as the aether is cleft by them, produce a certain melodious and harmonious sound, so as to surpass all the pleasure in melodies. Then when those who say these things are asked for proof through the senses, what do they say? That because of our habituation to the sound from the beginning, having been accustomed to it from our first birth, our sense of it has been taken away from much practice in hearing; just like those in smithies whose ears are constantly being struck. To refute their sophistry and unsoundness, which is so clearly apparent to all from the first hearing, is not the part of a man who knows how to spare either time or considers the intelligence of his hearers. But leaving the things of those outside to those outside, we return to the ecclesiastical discourse. It has been said, then, by some of those before us, that this is not the creation of a second heaven, but an explanation of the first, because there the creation of heaven and earth was handed down in summary, but here Scripture hands down to us in a more elaborate way the manner in which each came to be. But we say that since both a different name and a particular need for the second heaven have been handed down, this one is different from the one made in the beginning, of a more solid nature, and providing a special need for the universe. 3.4 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the water, and let it be dividing between water and water. And God made the firmament; and God divided between the water which was under the firmament, and between the water which was above the firmament. And before we touch upon the meaning of what has been written, let us try to resolve the objection brought against it by others. For they ask us, if the body of the firmament is spherical, as sight indicates, and water is fluid and slides off high places, how could it have been established upon the convex circumference of the firmament? What then shall we say to this? That, first of all, it is not the case that if something appears circular to us according to its inner cavity, it is necessary that its outer surface is also finished spherically, and the whole is precisely turned on a lathe and smoothly rounded; where indeed we see the stone roofs of baths, and the constructions of cave-like buildings, which according to the

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οἴονται. Ἓν γάρ φασι τὸ κυκλοφορικὸν σῶμα, καὶ τοῦτο πεπερασμένον· ὅπερ εἰ συναπήρτισται τῷ πρώτῳ οὐρανῷ, μηδὲν ὑπολείπεσθαι πρὸς δευτέρου ἢ τρίτου γένεσιν. Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν οἱ ὕλην ἀγέννητον ἐπεισάγοντες τῷ δημιουργῷ φαντάζονται, ἐκ τῆς πρώτης μυθοποιίας πρὸς τὸ ἀκόλουθον ψεῦδος ὑποφερόμενοι· ἡμεῖς δὲ ἀξιοῦμεν τοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων σοφοὺς, μὴ πρότερον ἡμᾶς καταχλευάζειν πρὶν τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους διάθωνται. Εἰσὶ γὰρ ἐν αὐτοῖς οἳ ἀπείρους οὐρανοὺς καὶ κόσμους εἶναί φασιν, ὧν ὅταν ἀπελέγξωσιν τὸ ἀπίθανον οἱ ἐμβριθεστέραις ταῖς ἀποδείξεσι χρώμενοι, καὶ ταῖς γεωμετρικαῖς ἀνάγκαις συστήσωσι μὴ ἔχειν φύσιν ἄλλον οὐρανὸν γενέσθαι παρὰ τὸν ἕνα, τότε καὶ μᾶλλον καταγελασόμεθα τῆς γραμμικῆς καὶ ἐντέχνου αὐτῶν φλυαρίας, εἴπερ ὁρῶντες πομφόλυγας διὰ τῆς ὁμοίας αἰτίας γινομένας μίαν τε καὶ πολλὰς, εἶτα ἀμφιβάλλουσι περὶ οὐρανῶν πλειόνων, εἰ ἐξαρκεῖ αὐτοὺς ἡ δημιουργικὴ δύναμις παραγαγεῖν εἰς τὸ εἶναι. Ὧν τὴν ἰσχὺν καὶ τὸ μέγεθος οὐδὲν ἡγούμεθα διαφέρειν τῆς κοίλης νοτίδος τῆς ὑπερφυ σωμένης ἐν τοῖς κρουνοῖς, ὅταν πρὸς τὴν ὑπεροχὴν τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ δυνάμεως ἀποβλέψωμεν. Ὥστε καταγέλαστος αὐτοῖς ὁ τοῦ ἀδυνάτου λόγος. Ἡμεῖς δὲ τοσοῦτον ἀπέχομεν τῷ δευτέρῳ ἀπιστεῖν, ὅτι καὶ τὸν τρίτον ἐπιζητοῦμεν, οὗ τῆς θέας ὁ μακάριος Παῦλος ἠξιώθη. Ὁ δὲ ψαλμὸς ὀνομάζων οὐρανοὺς οὐρανῶν, καὶ πλειόνων ἡμῖν ἔννοιαν ἐνεποίησε. Οὐ δήπου δὲ ταῦτα παραδοξότερα τῶν ἑπτὰ κύκλων, καθ' ὧν οἱ ἑπτὰ ἀστέρες σχεδὸν παρὰ πάντων συμφώνως ὁμολο γοῦνται φέρεσθαι, οὓς καὶ ἐνηρμόσθαι φασὶν ἑτέρῳ τὸν ἕτερον, κατὰ τὴν εἰκόνα τῶν κάδων τῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους ἐμβεβηκότων. Τούτους δὲ τὴν ἐναντίαν τῷ παντὶ φερο μένους, περισχιζομένου τοῦ αἰθέρος αὐτοῖς, εὔηχόν τινα καὶ ἐναρμόνιον ἀποδιδόναι φθόγγον, ὥστε πᾶσαν τὴν ἐν μελῳδίαις ἡδονὴν ὑπερβάλλειν. Εἶτα ἐπειδὰν τὴν διὰ τῆς αἰσθήσεως πίστιν οἱ ταῦτα λέγοντες ἀπαιτῶνται, τί φασιν; Ὅτι διὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς συνήθειαν πρὸς τὸν ψόφον ἐκ πρώτης γενέσεως συνεθισθέντες αὐτῷ, ἐκ πολλῆς τῆς περὶ τὸ ἀκούειν μελέτης τὴν αἴσθησιν ἀφῃρήμεθα· ὥσπερ οἱ ἐν τοῖς χαλκείοις συνεχῶς τὰ ὦτα κατακρουόμενοι. Ὧν τὸ σεσοφισμένον καὶ σαθρὸν διελέγχειν, οὕτως ἐναργῶς ἐκ πρώτης ἀκοῆς πᾶσι καταφαινόμενον, οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνδρὸς οὔτε χρόνου εἰδότος φείδεσθαι, οὔτε τῆς συνέσεως τῶν ἀκουόντων στοχαζομένου. Ἀλλὰ τὰ τῶν ἔξωθεν τοῖς ἔξω καταλιπόντες ἡμεῖς ἐπὶ τὸν ἐκκλησιαστικὸν ὑποστρέφομεν λόγον. Εἴρηται μὲν οὖν τισι τῶν πρὸ ἡμῶν, μὴ δευτέρου οὐρανοῦ γένεσιν εἶναι ταύτην, ἀλλ' ἐπεξήγησιν τοῦ προτέρου, διὰ τὸ ἐκεῖ μὲν ἐν κεφαλαίῳ παραδεδόσθαι οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς ποίησιν, ἐνταῦθα δὲ ἐπεξεργαστικώτερον τὸν τρόπον καθ' ὃν ἕκαστον γέγονε τὴν Γραφὴν ἡμῖν παραδιδόναι. Ἡμεῖς δέ φαμεν, ὅτι ἐπειδὴ καὶ ὄνομα ἕτερον καὶ χρεία ἰδιάζουσα τοῦ δευτέρου οὐρανοῦ παραδέδοται, ἕτερός ἐστι παρὰ τὸν ἐν ἀρχῇ πεποιημένον οὗτος, στερεωτέρας φύσεως, καὶ χρείαν ἐξαίρετον τῷ παντὶ παρεχόμενος. 3.4 Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεός· γενηθήτω στερέωμα ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ ὕδατος, καὶ ἔστω διαχωρίζον ἀνὰ μέσον ὕδατος καὶ ὕδατος. Καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ στερέωμα· καὶ διεχώρισεν ὁ Θεὸς ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ ὕδατος ὃ ἦν ὑποκάτω τοῦ στερεώ ματος, καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ ὕδατος τοῦ ἐπάνω τοῦ στερεώμα τος. Καὶ πρό γε τοῦ ἅψασθαι τῆς διανοίας τῶν γεγραμμένων, πειραθῶμεν τὸ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἀντεπαγόμενον διαλῦσαι. Ἐρωτῶσι γὰρ ἡμᾶς, εἰ σφαιρικὸν μὲν τὸ σῶμα τοῦ στερεώ ματος, ὡς ἡ ὄψις δηλοῖ, ῥυτὸν δὲ τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ περιολι σθαῖνον τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς, πῶς ἂν ἐδυνήθη ἐπὶ τῆς κυρτῆς περιφερείας τοῦ στερεώματος ἱδρυνθῆναι; Τί δὴ πρὸς τοῦτο ἐροῦμεν; Ὅτι μάλιστα μὲν οὐκ εἴ τι πρὸς ἡμᾶς κυκλοτερὲς ὁρᾶται κατὰ τὴν ἔνδον κοιλότητα, τοῦτο ἀνάγκη καὶ τὴν ἔξωθεν ἐπιφάνειαν σφαιρικῶς ἀπηρτίσθαι, καὶ ὅλον ἀκριβῶς ἔντορνον εἶναι καὶ λείως περιηγμένον· ὅπου γε ὁρῶμεν τῶν τε λουτρῶν τοὺς λιθίνους ὀρόφους, καὶ τὰς τῶν ἀντρωδῶν οἰκοδομημάτων κατασκευὰς, ἃ κατὰ τὴν