HORTATORY ADDRESS TO THE GREEKS BY SAINT JUSTIN, PHILOSOPHER AND MARTYR.

 Alas, with my own eyes I see a dear man pursued around the wall and my heart grieves for him. And what he says about the other gods conspiring agains

 Artemis the archer, sister of the far-shooter. And against Leto stood the strong, helpful Hermes. These and such things Homer taught you about the god

 ...s of you you say have become of piety, some declaring water to be the beginning of all things, others air, others fire, others some other of the af

 Of all of them who had spoken, Thales, the eldest of them all, says that the principle of existing things is water for he says that all things are fr

 having denied it, later says in his conceptions that it is this very thing. Moreover, having formerly declared that everything that has come into bein

 having established for I do not attempt to prove these things from the divine histories among us alone, which you are not yet willing to believe beca

 to organize affairs in Egypt, but also to establish the warrior class with laws. And fourth, they say that Bocchoris the king became a lawgiver, a wis

 it happened that there were once God-fearing men, as you say the oracle declared: Only the Chaldeans obtained wisdom, and also the Hebrews, purely rev

 of wise men or orators, should one wish to make mention, he will find that they have written their own compositions in the letters of the Greeks. But

 it is fitting that it should appear clearly and manifestly. It is necessary, therefore, for you, O men of Greece, foreseeing the things to come and lo

 And in the Oracles it is thus: I adjure you, Heaven, the wise work of the great God, I adjure you, Voice of the Father, which He first uttered, When H

 the poem to fall from its meter, lest he should seem not to have first mentioned the name of the gods. But a little later he sets forth clearly and pl

 he should cause Meletus to be against himself, accusing him before the Athenians and saying: Plato does wrong and is a busybody, not believing in the

 that only disobedience was cast out, but not knowing that they were also persuaded that non-existent gods existed, they passed on the name of the gods

 light, constructs that which comes to be. But perhaps some, not wishing to abandon the doctrines of polytheism, will say that the demiurge himself sai

 having. For it does not seem to me that what was said by Phoenix was said simply: Not even if the god himself should promise me, scraping off old age,

 wishing to confirm what has been said of participation, Plato has written thus in these very words: God, then, as the old saying has it, holding the b

 having heard from one who had come back to life and was relating the things there, has written thus in his very words: For he said that he was present

 poetry, Diodorus, the most renowned of the historians, sufficiently teaches us. For he said that he, having been in Egypt, had learned that Nepenthes,

 to set up the battle-cry of much-lamented war They were eager to place Ossa upon Olympus, but upon Ossa Pelion with its shaking leaves, that heaven m

 and concerning the heaven that came into being that the created heaven, which he also named the firmament, this is the perceptible one that came into

 proclaimed by the name. For, fearing to call the gift of God Holy Spirit, lest he should seem to be an enemy of the Greeks by following the teaching

 supposed them to have the forms of men, you will find that they learned this also from the divine history. For since the history of Moses says, from t

 to you Socrates, the wisest of the wise, to whom even your oracle, as you yourselves say, testifies, saying: Of all men Socrates is the wisest, confes

 It will be easy for you to learn in part the true worship of God from the ancient Sibyl, who teaches you by oracles from some powerful inspiration, th

 it is clear that he said this about the oracle-givers, looking to the oracles of the Sibyl. For he spoke thus: When they succeed in saying many and gr

 Tatian's Address to the Greeks. Do not be so very hostile towards the barbarians, O men of Greece, nor be envious of their doctrines. For what pursuit

 very savagely, having imprisoned his own friend for not wanting to worship him, carried him around like a bear or a leopard. Indeed, he completely fol

 selecting places for their covetousness *** the prominent. But one ought not flatter the leaders with the prospect of kingship, but to wait until the

 I have chosen to order the unordered matter in you, and just as the Word, having been begotten in the beginning, in turn begot our creation for himsel

 not according to fate, but by the free will of those who choose, he foretold the outcomes of future events and he became a hinderer of wickedness thro

 with baubles of the earth he deceived the motherless and orphaned girl. Poseidon sails, Ares delights in wars, Apollo is a cithara player, Dionysus is

 of a kingdom, *** were turned into constellations by the shaping of letters? And how is Kronos, who was fettered and cast out of his kingdom, appointe

 of faith with glory become but the poor man and the most moderate, desiring the things that are his own, more easily gets by. Why, I ask, according to

 were zealous to be but the Lord of all allowed them to luxuriate until the world, having reached its end, should be dissolved, and the judge should a

 refusing a suffering god, they were shown to be fighters against God rather than God-fearing. You too are such men, O Greeks, talkative in words, but

 of the spirit But when the tabernacle is not of such a kind, man excels the beasts only in articulate speech, but in other respects his way of life i

 causes, when they happen, they ascribe to themselves, attacking whenever weariness overtakes them. But there are times when they themselves by a tempe

 For if it were so, much more would he ward off his own enemy from himself for being able to help others also, he will much more become his own avenge

 you? Therefore if you say that one ought not to fear death, sharing our doctrines, die not because of human vainglory, as Anaxarchus did, but for the

 Unable to explain those things, because of the impossibility of their theory, they have blamed the tides, and of the seas, one being weedy and the oth

 For what sort are your teachings? Who would not mock your public festivals, which, being celebrated under the pretext of wicked demons, turn men to di

 providing it, feeding it with the most ungodly bloodshed. For the robber kills for the sake of taking, but the rich man buys gladiators for the sake o

 dedications, and those who read are as with the jar of the Danaids. Why do you divide time for me, saying that one part of it is past, another present

 the conception which I have concerning all things, this I do not hide. Why do you advise me to deceive the state? Why, while saying to despise death,

 but again it will be dissolved, if we obey the word of God and do not scatter ourselves. For he has gained control of our possessions through a certai

 Archilochus flourished around the twenty-third Olympiad, in the time of Gyges the Lydian, five hundred years after the Trojan War. And concerning the

 the nonsense of affairs for the Greeks. For the pursuits of your customs are rather foolish through great glory and behave disgracefully through the w

 seeing the figures of the strife and of Eteocles, and not having thrown them into a pit with Pythagoras who made them, do you destroy along with them

 For what is difficult about men who have been shown to be ignorant being now refuted by a man of like passions? And what is strange, according to your

 maios. The time from Inachus until the capture of Ilium completes twenty generations and the proof is in this manner. The kings of the Argives were th

 our laws, and what the learned men among the Greeks have said, and how many and who they are who have mentioned them, will be shown in the treatise A

 God and what is the creation according to him, I present myself ready to you for the examination of the doctrines, while my way of life according to G

light, constructs that which comes to be. But perhaps some, not wishing to abandon the doctrines of polytheism, will say that the demiurge himself said these things to the gods he had created: Since you have come into being, you are not immortal nor altogether indissoluble, yet you shall not be dissolved nor shall you meet with the fate of death, having obtained my will, a bond yet greater and stronger. Here Plato, fearing those who embrace polytheism, introduces the demiurge according to him as saying things contrary to himself. For having previously said that he had stated that 'everything that has come into being is perishable,' he now introduces him saying the opposite, not knowing that in this way it is in no way possible to escape the charge of falsehood; for either he lies in having previously said that everything that has come into being is perishable, or now in promising the opposite of what was previously said about them. For if, according to his previous definition, it is a complete necessity that what is created be perishable, how is it possible for that which is by necessity impossible to become possible? So Plato seems in vain to grant impossible things to the demiurge according to him, promising that those who, having once been made perishable and dissoluble because they came from matter, would again through him become imperishable and indissoluble. For the power of matter, being according to his own opinion uncreated and co-eternal and of the same age as the demiurge, would likely resist his will; for he who has not made a thing has no authority over what has not been made, so that it is not possible for it to be coerced, since it is free from all external necessity. Therefore, Plato himself, looking to these things, wrote thus: But it is said that not even a god can coerce necessity. How then does Plato banish Homer from his Republic, since in the embassy to Achilles he has made Phoenix say to Achilles: Even the gods themselves can be turned, and yet Homer said these things not about the king and, according to Plato, demiurge of the gods, but about certain gods, those who are considered by the Greeks to be many, as we can learn even from Plato himself, when he says 'gods of gods'? For Homer attributes the authority and power over all things to the one and first god through that golden chain, and said that the other gods are so far from his divinity that he thinks it right to name them even along with men. At any rate, he introduces Odysseus speaking to Achilles against Hector: He rages terribly, trusting in Zeus, and honors neither men nor gods. Here Homer seems to me, having himself in some way, just like Plato, learned in Egypt about one god, to indicate this clearly and manifestly, that he who trusts in the truly existing god neglects those who do not exist. For thus the poet also somewhere else, through another word of equal force, a pronoun, has used the very same participle spoken of by Plato, which declares the existing God, about whom Plato said: What is that which always is, and has no coming into being

φώς, κατασκευάζει τὸ γινόμενον. Ἀλλ' ἴσως τινές, τῶν τῆς πολυθεότητος δογμάτων ἀποστῆναι μὴ βουλόμενοι, αὐτὸν τὸν δημιουργὸν τοῖς δημιουρ γηθεῖσι θεοῖς ταῦτ' εἰρηκέναι φήσουσιν· Ἐπείπερ γεγένησθε, ἀθάνατοι μὲν οὐκ ἐστὲ οὐδ' ἄλυτοι τὸ πάμπαν, οὔτε μὴν δὴ λυθήσεσθέ γε οὔτε τεύξεσθε θανάτου μοίρας, τῆς ἐμῆς βουλή σεως, μείζονος ἔτι δεσμοῦ καὶ ἰσχυροτέρου, λαχόντες. Ἐν ταῦθα ὁ Πλάτων, τοὺς τὴν πολυθεότητα ἀσπαζομένους δε διώς, ἐναντία ἑαυτῷ τὸν κατ' αὐτὸν δημιουργὸν εἰσάγει λέγοντα. Πᾶν γὰρ τὸ γενόμενον φθαρτὸν πρότερον εἰρηκέναι αὐτὸν φήσας νῦν τἀναντία αὐτὸν εἰσάγει λέγοντα, ἀγνοῶν ὅτι οὐδα μῶς οὕτω δυνατὸν τὸ τῆς ψευδολογίας ἐκφυγεῖν ἔγκλημα· ἢ γὰρ τὸ πρότερον εἰρηκὼς πᾶν τὸ γενόμενον φθαρτὸν ψεύδεται, ἢ νῦν τἀναντία τοῖς πρότερον περὶ αὐτῶν εἰρημένοις ἐπαγγελ λόμενος. Eἰ γὰρ ἀνάγκη πᾶσα τὸ γενητὸν φθαρτὸν εἶναι κατὰ τὸν πρότερον αὐτοῦ ὅρον, πῶς ἐγχωρεῖ τὸ κατ' ἀνάγκην ἀδύνατον γενέσθαι δυνατόν; Ὥστε μάτην ἔοικεν ὁ Πλάτων ἀδύνατα χαρίζεσθαι τῷ κατ' αὐτὸν δημιουργῷ, τοὺς ἅπαξ διὰ τὸ ἐξ ὕλης γεγενῆσθαι φθαρτοὺς καὶ λυτοὺς γενομένους αὖθις δι' αὐτοῦ ἀφθάρτους καὶ ἀλύτους ἐπαγγελλόμενος ἔσεσθαι. Τὴν γὰρ τῆς ὕλης δύναμιν, ἀγένητον καὶ ἰσόχρονον καὶ ἡλι κιῶτιν κατὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ δόξαν τοῦ δημιουργοῦ οὖσαν, ἀντιστα τεῖν εἰκὸς τῇ αὐτοῦ βουλήσει· τῷ γὰρ μὴ πεποιηκότι οὐδεμία ἐξουσία πρὸς τὸ μὴ γεγονός, ὥστε οὐδὲ βιασθῆναι αὐτὴν δυνατόν, τῆς ἔξωθεν πάσης ἀνάγκης ἐλευθέραν οὖσαν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο τοίνυν καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Πλάτων εἰς ταῦτα ἀφορῶν οὕτω γέ γραφεν· Ἀνάγκη δὲ οὐδὲ θεὸν λέγεσθαι δυνατὸν βιάζεσθαι. Πῶς οὖν Ὅμηρον τῆς ἑαυτοῦ πολιτείας ἐκβάλλει Πλάτων, ἐπειδὴ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ἀχιλλέα πρεσβείᾳ τὸν Φοίνικα πεποίηκε τῷ Ἀχιλλεῖ λέγοντα· Στρεπτοὶ δέ τε καὶ θεοὶ αὐτοί, καίτοι Ὁμήρου οὐ περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ κατὰ Πλάτωνα δη μιουργοῦ τῶν θεῶν ταῦτ' εἰρηκότος, ἀλλὰ περί τινων θεῶν, τῶν παρ' Ἕλλησι πολλῶν εἶναι νομιζομένων, ὡς ἔστιν ἡμῖν καὶ παρ' αὐτοῦ Πλάτωνος μανθάνειν, θεοὶ θεῶν λέγοντος; Τῷ γὰρ ἑνὶ καὶ πρώτῳ θεῷ τὴν ἐξουσίαν καὶ τὸ κράτος ἁπάν των Ὅμηρος διὰ τῆς χρυσῆς ἐκείνης ἀναφέρει σειρᾶς, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς θεοὺς τοσοῦτ' ἀπέχειν ἔφη τῆς ἐκείνου θεότητος, ὥστε αὐτοὺς καὶ μετὰ ἀνθρώπων ὀνομάζειν ἀξιοῦν. Τὸν γοῦν Ὀδυσσέα κατὰ τοῦ Ἕκτορος πρὸς τὸν Ἀχιλλέα εἰσάγει λέγοντα· Μαίνεται ἐκπάγλως, πίσυνος ∆ιΐ, οὐδέ τι τίει Ἀνέρας οὐδὲ θεούς. Ἐνταῦθά μοι Ὅμηρος δοκεῖ πάντως που καὶ αὐτὸς ὥσπερ ὁ Πλάτων ἐν Aἰγύπτῳ μαθὼν περὶ ἑνὸς θεοῦ σαφῶς καὶ φανε ρῶς τουτὶ ἐμφαίνειν, ὅτι ὁ τῷ ὄντι πεποιθὼς θεῷ τῶν μὴ ὄντων ἀμελεῖ. Oὕτως γὰρ ὁ ποιητῆς καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ που, δι' ἑτέρας λέξεως ἰσοδυναμούσης, τῇ ἀντωνυμίᾳ, ταὐτῇ τῇ ὑπὸ Πλάτωνος εἰρημένῃ μετοχῇ, κέχρηται, τὸν ὄντα θεὸν ἀπαγγελ λούσῃ, περὶ οὗ ὁ Πλάτων ἔφη· Τί τὸ ὂν ἀεί, γένεσιν δὲ οὐκ