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chosen men or secretaries vexillarii, spearmen mensores, prometae tubicines, trumpeters of the infantry bucinatores, trumpeters of the cavalry cornicines, horn-blowers andabatae, cataphracts metatores, land-surveyors arcytes and sagittarii, archers and arrow-bearers praetorians, of the general's staff lancearii, javelin-throwers decemprimi, ten chiefs beneficiarii, those assigned to the care of the veterans torquati, torque-wearers, those who wear the maniacae brachiati, that is armilligeri, bracelet-wearers 72 armigeri, armor-bearers munerarii, public servants deputati, set apart auxiliarii, shield-bearers cuspidatores, jailers; for the Romans call wooden fetters cuspudes, as if custos pedum, that is, foot-shackles and foot-guards imaginiferi, image-bearers ocreati, infantry having their shins protected with iron armatura prima, first arms-drill armatura semissalis, greater arms-drill hastati, spearmen tesserarii, those who proclaim the passwords to the multitude at the time of the engagement draconarii, dragon-bearers adiutores, assistants samiarii, the polishers of arms vaginarii, scabbard-makers arcuarii, bow-makers pilarii, javelin-men verutarii, discus-throwers funditores, slingers ballistarii, catapultists a catapult is a type of city-taker, and is called by the multitude an onager vinearii, wall-fighters 74 primoscutarii, shield-bearers, who are now called protectores primosagittarii, first archers clibanarii, completely iron-clad; for the Romans call iron coverings clibana, instead of clamina flammularii, from the tips of whose spears hung crimson rags expediti, light-armed, unencumbered, ready for battle ferentarii, skirmishers circitores, those who go about among the combatants and supply weapons, not yet knowing how to fight adoratores, veterani, tirones, about whom I think I must show at length. 47 The Romans call those retired from service adoratores for according to them the glory of war is called adorea from the spelt and the honor of those once honored by them, and veterani those who have grown old in arms witnesses are Celsus and Paternus and Catilina, not the conspirator but another, and before them Cato the first and Frontinus, and after them also Renatus, all Romans; and of the Greeks Aelian and Arrian, Aeneas,Onasander, Patron, Apollodorus in his Poliorketika, and after them Julian the emperor in his Mechanika, whom Frontinus mentions in his De Officio Militari, that is, in his On Strategy, and also this Claudian, the Paphlagonian, the poet, in the first of his Encomia on Stilicho, and tirones 76 the humble ones. such as happen to be in our day those called Triballi; for so Arrian in his works On Alexander called the Bessi. For on account of poverty alone those called tirones give themselves to the service of those truly campaigning, yet they are not worthy for the present to be called soldiers or to be ranked at all in the number for the present, on account of their poor fortune and inexperience in battle; for it was not permitted for any but the well-born to contend for their country. Diodorus, then, in the second of his Libraries says that Solon, having learned a law in Egypt, wrote such a one for the Athenians, that the state was to be arranged into three parts: into the well-born, who were occupied with wisdom and letters, and a second, the agricultural and at the same time fighting class, a third, the menial and artisan class; and the one after these without honor, from which the supposedly more useful ones attended upon those in the agricultural and also the fighting classes, serving them and being taught both to make war and to farm; these the Italians called tirones from being worn out and suffering hardship in their servitude. For the Romans, emulating the Athenians in all things, thus also arranged their people. For on this account they also named the tribes tribus from the division of the state into three parts. 48 And these men were assigned by addition, as some of the historians say, by Marius who later became tyrant, but those who from the beginning followed the master of the horse

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αἱρετοὶ ἢ γραμματεῖς βηξιλλάριοι, δορυφόροι μήνσωρες, προμέτραι τουβίκινες, σαλπισταὶ πεζῶν βουκινάτωρες, σαλπισταὶ ἱππέων κορνίκινες, κεραῦλαι ἀνδαβάται, κατάφρακτοι μητάτωρες, χωρομέτραι ἀρκύτης καὶ σαγιττάριοι, τοξόται καὶ βελοφόροι πραιτωριανοί, στρατηγικοί λαγκιάριοι, ἀκοντοβόλοι δεκέμπριμοι, δεκάπρωτοι βενεφικιάλιοι, οἱ ἐπὶ θεραπείᾳ τῶν βετερανῶν τεταγμένοι τορκουᾶτοι, στρεπτοφόροι, οἱ τοὺς μανιάκας φοροῦντες βραχιᾶτοι, ἤ τοι ἀρμιλλίγεροι, ψελιοφόροι 72 ἀρμίγεροι, ὁπλοφόροι μουνεράριοι, λειτουργοί δηπουτᾶτοι, ἀφωρισμένοι αὐξιλιάριοι, ὑπασπισταί κουσπάτωρες, φυλακισταί· κούσπους γὰρ Ῥωμαῖοι τὰς ξυ λοπέδας καλοῦσιν, ὡς ἂν εἰ κουστώδης πέδουμ, οἷον εἰ ποδοκάκας καὶ ποδοφύλακας ἰμαγινιφέραι, εἰκονοφόροι ὀκρεᾶτοι, πεζοὶ σιδήρῳ τὰς κνήμας περιπεφραγμένοι ἀρματοῦρα πρῖμα, ὁπλομελέτη πρώτη ἀρματοῦρα σημισσάλια, ὁπλομελέτη μείζων ἁστᾶτοι, δορυφόροι τεσσεράριοι, οἱ τὰ σύμβολα ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς συμβολῆς τῷ πλήθει περιφημίζοντες δρακωνάριοι, δρακοντοφόροι ἀδιούτωρες, ὑποβοηθοί σαμιάριοι, οἱ τῶν ὅπλων στιλπνωταί βαγινάριοι, θηκοποιοί ἀρκουάριοι, τοξοποιοί πιλάριοι, ἀκοντισταί βερουτάριοι, δισκοβόλοι φουνδίτωρες, σφενδονῆται βαλλιστάριοι, καταπελτισταί καταπέλτης δέ ἐστιν εἶδος ἑλεπόλεως, καλεῖται δὲ τῷ πλήθει ὄναγρος βινεάριοι, τειχομάχοι 74 πριμοσκουτάριοι, ὑπερασπισταί, οἱ νῦν λεγόμενοι πρωτή κτωρες πριμοσαγιττάριοι, τοξόται πρῶτοι κλιβανάριοι, ὁλοσίδηροι· κηλίβανα γὰρ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὰ σιδηρᾶ καλύμματα καλοῦσιν, ἀντὶ τοῦ κηλάμινα φλαμμουλάριοι, ὧν ἐπὶ τῆς ἄκρας τοῦ δόρατος φοινικᾶ ῥάκη ἐξήρτηντο ἐξπεδῖτοι, εὔζωνοι, γυμνοί, ἕτοιμοι πρὸς μάχην φερεντάριοι, ἀκροβολισταί κιρκίτωρες, οἱ περὶ τοὺς μαχομένους περιϊόντες καὶ χορη γοῦντες ὅπλα μήπω ἐπιστάμενοι μάχεσθαι ἀδωράτωρες, βετερανοί, τείρωνες, περὶ ὧν εἰς πλάτος οἶμαι δεικτέον. 47 Ἀδωράτωρας οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τοὺς ἀπομάχους καλοῦσιν ἀδωρέα γὰρ κατ' αὐτοὺς ἡ τοῦ πολέμου λέγεται δόξα ἀπὸ τῆς ζειᾶς καὶ τῆς τιμῆς τῶν ποτε τιμηθέντων αὐτοῖς, βετερανοὺς δὲ τοὺς ἐγγεγηρακότας τοῖς ὅπλοις μάρτυρες Κέλσος τε καὶ Πάτερνος καὶ Κατιλίνας, οὐχ ὁ συνωμότης ἀλλ' ἕτερος, Κάτων τε πρὸ αὐτῶν ὁ πρῶτος καὶ Φροντῖνος, μεθ' οὓς καὶ Ῥενᾶτος, Ῥωμαῖοι πάντες· Ἑλλήνων δὲ Αἰλιανὸς καὶ Ἀρριανός, Αἰνείας,Ὀνήσανδρος, Πάτρων, Ἀπολλόδωρος ἐν τοῖς Πολιορκητικοῖς, μεθ' οὓς Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐν τοῖς Μηχανικοῖς, ὧν ὁ Φροντῖνος ἐν τῷ De Officio Militari, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐν τῷ Περὶ Στρατηγίας, μνήμην ποιεῖται, καὶ Κλαυδιανὸς δὲ οὗτος, ὁ Παφλαγών, ὁ ποιητής, ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τῶν Στιλικῶνος Ἐγκωμίων, τείρωνας 76 δὲ τοὺς ταπεινούς. ὁποίους εἶναι συμβαίνει καθ' ἡμᾶς τοὺς λεγομένους Τριβαλλούς· οὕτως δὲ τοὺς Βέσσους Ἀρριανὸς ἐν τοῖς Περὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου προσηγόρευσεν. διὰ γὰρ πενίαν καὶ μόνην διδόασιν ἑαυτοὺς οἱ λεγόμενοι τείρωνες εἰς ὑπηρεσίαν τῶν ἀληθῶς στρατευομένων, οὐ μὴν ἄξιοι τέως στρατιῶται καλεῖσθαι ἢ ὅλως ἐν ἀριθμῷ τέως τετάχθαι διὰ δὴ τὸ πτωχὸν τῆς τύχης καὶ ἄπειρον τῆς μάχης· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐφετὸν ἦν ὑπὲρ πατρίδος εἰ μή γε τοὺς εὐπατρίδας ἀγωνίσασθαι. ∆ιόδωρος γ' οὖν ἐν δευτέρᾳ Βιβλιοθηκῶν φησι Σόλωνα ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ μαθόντα νόμον Ἀθηναίοις γράψαι τοιοῦτον, ὥστε εἰς τρεῖς μοίρας τὴν πολιτείαν διατάττεσθαι· εἰς εὐπατρίδας, οἳ περὶ σοφίαν καὶ λόγους ἐσχόλαζον, δευτέραν δὲ τὴν γεωργικὴν ἅμα καὶ πρόμαχον, τρίτην τὴν βάναυσον καὶ τεχνουργόν· τὴν δὲ μετὰ ταύτας ἄτιμον, ἐξ ἧς οἱ δῆθεν χρειωδέστεροι ἐν τοῖς γεωργικοῖς ἅμα καὶ μαχίμοις προσήδρευον, δουλεύοντες αὐτοῖς καὶ τὸ πολεμεῖν καὶ γεωργεῖν διδασκόμενοι· τούτους Ἰταλοὶ τείρωνας ἐκάλεσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ τείρεσθαι καὶ ταλαιπωρεῖν ἐν τῷ δουλεύειν. Ἀθηναίους γὰρ ἐν ἅπασιν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι ζηλώσαντες οὕτως καὶ αὐτοὶ τὸν δῆμον διέθηκαν. ταύτῃ γὰρ καὶ τρίβους τὰς φυλὰς ἐπωνόμασαν ἐκ τῆς εἰς τρεῖς μοίρας τῆς πολιτείας διανομῆς. 48 Καὶ οὗτοι μὲν ἐκ προσθήκης ἐτάχθησαν, ὥς τινες τῶν ἱστορικῶν φασιν, ὑπὸ Μαρίου τοῦ ὕστερον τυραννήσαντος, οἱ δὲ ἀνέκαθεν τῷ ἱππάρχῳ ἑπόμενοι