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seemed to flash fire from them. And where nature needed to broaden his frame, it was ingeniously contrived, but where it needed to narrow it, it was harmoniously proportioned. Thus from the top of his head to his feet the man was well-proportioned, as I have often heard many say. And as for his voice, Homer composed about Achilles that when he shouted, those who heard had the impression of many men shouting, but this man's shout, as they say, could turn many myriads. Having such fortune, nature, and spirit, he was, as one would expect, unconquerable, submitting to none at all; for such, as they say, are great natures, even if they are of a more humble fortune.

1.11.1 Being such a man and not at all enduring to be led, he set out from Normandy with some horsemen, five horsemen and thirty foot-soldiers in all, and having left his fatherland, he spent his time among the hilltops, caves, and mountains of Lombardy, leading a band of robbers and attacking travelers, from whom he acquired sometimes horses, and sometimes other goods and arms. And the beginnings of his life for him were bloodshed and many killings.

1.11.2 While spending time in the regions of Lombardy, he did not escape the notice of William Mascabeles, who at that time happened to be the ruler of a very large part of the lands adjacent to Lombardy; from which he received copious revenues annually and, bringing sufficient forces from there, was a distinguished leader. And having learned what sort of man Robert was in both respects, I mean in spirit and body, he unwisely welcomed the man and betrothed one of his daughters to him. And having sealed the marriage alliance, admiring him for both his nature and his military experience, things did not, however, turn out according to his wishes.

1.11.3 For he had given him a city as a kind of dowry and had generously added other things besides. But he, becoming ill-disposed toward him and plotting a rebellion against him, at first pretended to be loyal and added to his forces, tripling his horsemen and doubling his foot-soldiers. And from then on, his show of loyalty faded away, and little by little his malevolence was laid bare.

1.11.4 And he did not cease daily giving and receiving pretexts for quarrels and continually contriving ways, from which strife, battles, and wars are accustomed to be born. But since the said William Mascabeles greatly surpassed him in wealth and power, Robert, despairing of a face-to-face battle against him, devised an evil plan. And he put forward a show of loyalty and feigned repentance, and undermined him with a terrible and hard-to-detect trick, to seize his cities and become master of all the possessions of Mascabeles.

1.11.5 And first he inquires about peace and sends an embassy to arrange a meeting in person for talks; and he, loving his daughter exceedingly, welcomes peace with him and agrees to the meeting for the next year. And Robert announces to him a place where it was fitting for them to meet and converse and to make a truce with one another. There were two hilltops rising equally from the plain, situated diametrically opposite each other. And the space between them was marshy and shaded by all sorts of trees and plants. There that terrible Robert set an ambush, instructing four very brave armed men to keep their eyes looking in every direction; and when they should see him grappling with William, to run up immediately to him without any delay whatsoever. Having thus prepared these things, that most villainous Robert left one of the hilltops, which was to serve for the meeting with Mascabeles, having first pointed it out to him, and having, as it were, appropriated the other for himself, fifteen

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αὐτῶν μονουχὶ ἀπεσπινθηρίζετο. Καὶ ὅπου μὲν ἔδει διοργανῶσαι τὴν φύσιν τὸ πλάτος, εὐμήχανον ἦν, ὅπου δὲ ἀποστενῶσαι τοῦτο, εἰς τὸ εὔρυθμον διωμάλιστο. Οὕτως ἐξ ἄκρας κεφαλῆς ἐς πόδας ὁ ἀνὴρ κατερρύθμιστο, ὡς πολλῶν λεγόντων πολλάκις ἀκήκοα. Τὸ δὲ φθέγμα Ὅμηρος μὲν περὶ Ἀχιλλέως ἐποίησεν, ὡς ἄρα φωνήσαντος ἐκείνου φαντασίαν ἐσχήκεσαν οἱ ἀκούοντες πολλῶν θορυβούντων, τούτου δὲ τοῦ ἀνδρός, ὥς φασι, τὸ ἐμβόημα πολλὰς ἐτρέπετο μυριάδας. Οὕτως ἔχων καὶ τύχης καὶ φύσεως καὶ ψυχῆς, ἀδούλωτος ἦν, ὡς εἰκός, μηδενὶ τῶν ἁπάντων ὑποταττόμενος· τοιαῦται γὰρ αἱ μεγάλαι φύσεις, ὥς φασι, κἂν τύχης ὦσιν ἀφαυροτέρας.

1.11.1 Τοιοῦτος δὲ ὢν ὁ ἀνὴρ καὶ ἄγεσθαι ὅλως μὴ ἀνεχό μενος, ἀπὸ Νορμανίας ἀπάρας μετά τινων ἱππέων, πέντε δὲ ἦσαν ἱππεῖς καὶ πεζοὶ τριάκοντα οἱ πάντες, ἐξελθὼν τῆς πατρίδος περὶ τὰς ἀκρολοφίας καὶ τὰ ἄντρα καὶ τὰ ὄρη τῆς Λογγιβαρδίας διέτριβε χειρὸς λῃστρικῆς κατάρχων καὶ τοῖς ὁδίταις ἐπιτιθέμενος ὅπου μὲν ἵππους, ὅπου δὲ καὶ πράγματα ἄλλα τα καὶ ὅπλα προσεπικτώμενος. Καὶ τὰ προοίμια τοῦ βίου τούτῳ αἱμάτων ἦσαν ἐκχύσεις καὶ ἀνδροφονίαι πολλαί. 1.11.2 Χρονοτριβῶν δὲ ἐν τοῖς μέρεσι τῆς Λογγιβαρδίας οὐκ ἔλαθε Γελίελμον τὸν Μασκαβέλην, ὃς κατ' ἐκεῖνο καιροῦ μέρους μεγίστου τῶν παρακειμένων τῇ Λογγιβαρδίᾳ ἡγεμὼν ἐτύγχανεν ὤν· ὅθεν τὰς εἰσόδους δαψιλεῖς ἀν' ἔτος ἐλάμβανε κἀντεῦθεν δυνάμεις ἱκανὰς ἐπαγόμενος ἐπιφανὴς ἦν ἀρχηγός. Μεμαθηκὼς δὲ περὶ τοῦ Ῥομπέρτου ὁποῖός ἐστι κατ' ἄμφω, ψυχὴν καὶ σῶμά φημι, προσήκατό τε ἀβούλως τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ μίαν τῶν θυγατέρων τούτῳ κατηγγυήσατο. Καὶ πληρώσας τὸ κῆδος, θαυμάσας αὐτὸν τῆς τε φύσεως καὶ τῆς περὶ τὰ στρα τιωτικὰ ἐμπειρίας οὐ μὲν οὖν τὰ κατὰ γνώμην ηὐτύχησεν. 1.11.3 Καὶ γὰρ καὶ πόλιν καθαπερεί τι ἕδνον αὐτῷ ἐδεδώκει καὶ ἄλλα τα προσεπεφιλοτιμήσατο. Ὁ δὲ περὶ αὐτὸν δύσνους γενόμενος καὶ ἐπανάστασιν κατ' αὐτοῦ μελετήσας, τὰ μὲν πρῶτα τὸν εὔνουν ὑπεκρίνετο καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις προσετίθει τριπλασιάσας μὲν τοὺς ἱππεῖς, εἰς δὲ διπλα σίους τοὺς πεζοὺς ποιησάμενος. Καὶ τοὐντεῦθεν ὑπέρρει τὰ τῆς εὐνοίας καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν παρεγυμνοῦτο ἡ κακοή θεια. 1.11.4 Καὶ οὐ διελίμπανε προφάσεις καθ' ἑκάστην σκανδάλων διδοὺς καὶ λαμβάνων καὶ τρόπους συνεχεῖς μηχανώμενος, ἀφ' ὧν ἔριδές τε καὶ μάχαι καὶ πόλεμοι εἰώθασι τίκτεσθαι. Ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ ῥηθεὶς Γελίελμος ὁ Μασκα βέλης πλούτῳ καὶ δυνάμει κατὰ πολὺ διέφερεν αὐτοῦ, ἀπογνοὺς ὁ Ῥομπέρτος τὴν κατὰ πρόσωπον πρὸς αὐτὸν μάχην βουλὴν βουλεύεται πονηράν. Καὶ προβάλλεται μὲν τὴν εὔνοιαν καὶ τὸ μεταμέλον πλάττεται καὶ ὑπορύττει δόλον αὐτῷ δεινὸν καὶ δυσφώρατον, τάς τε πόλεις αὐτοῦ κατασχεῖν καὶ κύριος γενέσθαι τῶν προσόντων ἁπάντων τῷ Μασκαβέλῃ. 1.11.5 Καὶ πρῶτα μὲν τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην ἐπερωτᾷ καὶ συνελθεῖν εἰς λόγους αὐτοπροσώπως διαπρε σβεύεται· ὁ δὲ τὴν πρὸς αὐτὸν εἰρήνην ἀσπάζεται φιλῶν τὴν θυγατέρα ἐξόχως καὶ συντίθεται τὴν ὁμιλίαν ἐς νέωτα. Ὁ δὲ Ῥομπέρτος καταγγέλλει τόπον αὐτῷ, ἐν ᾧ συνελθόντας διαλεχθῆναι προσήκει καὶ τὰς πρὸς ἀλλήλους συνθέσθαι σπονδάς. Ἀκρολοφίαι δὲ ἦσαν δύο ἐξ ἴσου τῆς πεδιάδος ἐξυπανέχουσαι κατὰ διάμετρον τὴν θέσιν λαχοῦ σαι. Τὸ δὲ μεταξὺ τούτων ἑλῶδες ἦν καὶ κατάσκιον δένδροις παντοδαποῖς καὶ φυτοῖς. Ἔνθα καὶ λόχον ἐστή σατο ὁ δεινὸς ἐκεῖνος Ῥομπέρτος τέσσαρας ἄνδρας ἐνό πλους γενναιοτάτους παρεγγυησάμενος πανταχόσε παπταί νειν τὰ ὄμματα· ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἴδοιεν αὐτὸν μετὰ τοῦ Γελιέλμου συμπλεκόμενον, εὐθὺς πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ἀναδραμεῖν μηδὲν τὸ παράπαν μελλήσαντας. Ταῦτ' οὖν προκατασκευά σας ὁ κακουργότατος ἐκεῖνος Ῥομπέρτος τὴν μὲν τῶν ἀκρολοφιῶν εἰς τὴν μετὰ τοῦ Μασκαβέλη ὁμιλίαν χρησι μεύουσαν κατέλιπε φθάσας ταύτην ὑποδεῖξαι αὐτῷ, θατέ ραν δὲ οἷον ἰδιοποιησάμενος, πεντεκαίδεκα