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inside having been brought around to a semicircular shape, it often has a smooth surface in the upper parts of the roof. So for this reason let them not have trouble themselves, nor cause trouble for us, as if we were unable to hold back the water in the upper regions. Next we must discuss what the nature of the firmament is, and for what reason it was appointed to be in the middle of the water. It is customary in Scripture to apply the name of "firmament" to things of surpassing strength; as when it says, "The Lord is my firmament, and my refuge;" and, "I have made firm its pillars;" and, "Praise him in the firmament of his power." For the philosophers call a "solid" body that which is compact and full, which is spoken of in contrast to the mathematical. The mathematical is that which has its being in dimensions alone, in width, I mean, and in depth, and in height; but the solid is that which, in addition to dimensions, also has resistance. But it is customary for Scripture to call that which is strong and unyielding "firmament," so that it has often used this word even for condensed air; as when it says: "He who makes firm the thunder." For Scripture has called "firming of the thunder" the hardness and resistance of the wind that is trapped in the cavities of the clouds and, by bursting forth violently, produces the sounds of thunder. And so now we think this word has been applied to some firm nature, sufficient to contain the fluid and easily dispersed nature of water. And surely, just because according to the common interpretation it seems to have had its origin from water, it is not proper to think that it is like congealed water, or some such matter taking its beginning from the filtration of liquid, such as is the stone of crystal, which they say is transformed by an excessive freezing of water, or the nature of transparent stone which is formed in mines. It is a transparent stone, possessing a unique and very pure transparency, which, if it is found perfect in its own nature, neither eaten away by any decay, nor cracked in its depth by fissures, is like the air in its transparency. Therefore we compare the firmament to none of these things. For it is truly characteristic of a childish and simple mind to have such assumptions about heavenly things. Nor, indeed, even if all things are in all things, fire in earth, air in water, and likewise each of the others in another; and if no element perceptible to the senses is pure and unmixed, either from fellowship with what is near or with its opposite; do we for that reason accept the assertion that the firmament is either from one of the simple elements or a mixture of them, having been taught by Scripture to allow our mind to imagine nothing beyond what is permitted. And let not that point pass us by unremarked, that after God commanded, "Let there be a firmament," it is not said simply, "and there was a firmament;" but, "And God made the firmament;" and again, "God divided." You deaf, hear, and you blind, look up. And who is deaf, but he who does not hear the Spirit crying out so loudly? And who is blind? He who does not see in such clear proofs concerning the Only-Begotten. "Let there be a firmament." This is the voice of the primary cause. "God made the firmament." This is a testimony of the efficient and creative power. 3.5 But let us bring our discourse back to the next parts of the explanation. "Let it be a division," it says, "between water and water." The flow of the waters was infinite, as it seems, surging over the earth from all sides and suspended above it; so that it seemed to exceed its proportion relative to the other elements. For this reason it was said previously that the abyss was thrown around the earth on all sides. But the reason for this abundance we will give in what follows. But surely none of you, not even those whose mind is very well-trained and who are sharp-sighted concerning this perishable and flowing nature, will attack the opinion, as being impossible or

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ἔνδον ὄψιν εἰς ἡμικύκλιον σχῆμα περιηγμένα, ἐν τοῖς ἄνω τοῦ τέγους ὁμαλὴν ἔχει πολλάκις τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν. Ὥστε τούτου γε ἕνεκεν μήτε αὐτοὶ ἐχέτωσαν πράγματα, μήτε ἡμῖν παρεχέτωσαν, ὡς οὐ δυναμένοις τὸ ὕδωρ κατασχεῖν ἐν τοῖς ἄνω. Ἑξῆς δ' ἂν εἴη λέγειν, τίς ἡ φύσις τοῦ στερεώ ματος, καὶ διὰ τίνα αἰτίαν μεσιτεύειν ἐτάχθη τῷ ὕδατι. Τὸ τοῦ στερεώματος ὄνομα σύνηθες τῇ Γραφῇ ἐπὶ τῶν κατ' ἰσχὺν ὑπερβαλλόντων τάσσειν· ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ, Κύριος στερέωμά μου, καὶ καταφυγή μου· καὶ, Ἐγὼ ἐστερέωσα τοὺς στύλους αὐτῆς· καὶ τὸ, Αἰνεῖτε αὐτὸν ἐν στερεώματι δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἔξωθεν στερεὸν λέγουσι σῶμα τὸ οἷον ναστὸν καὶ πλῆρες, ὃ πρὸς ἀντιδιαστολὴν τοῦ μαθη ματικοῦ λέγεται. Ἔστι δὲ τὸ μὲν μαθηματικὸν τὸ ἐν μόναις ταῖς διαστάσεσι τὸ εἶναι ἔχον, ἐν τῷ πλάτει, λέγω, καὶ τῷ βάθει, καὶ τῷ ὕψει· τὸ δὲ στερεὸν ὃ πρὸς τοῖς διαστήμασι καὶ τὴν ἀντιτυπίαν ἔχει. Τῇ δὲ Γραφῇ σύνηθες, τὸ κραταιὸν καὶ ἀνένδοτον, στερέωμα λέγειν, ὡς καὶ ἐπὶ ἀέρος πολλάκις καταπυκνωθέντος τῇ φωνῇ ταύτῃ κεχρῆσθαι· ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ· Ὁ στερεῶν βροντήν. Τὴν γὰρ στερρότητα καὶ ἀντιτυπίαν τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἐναπολαμβανομένου ταῖς κοιλότησι τῶν νεφῶν, καὶ διὰ τὸ βιαίως ἐκρήγνυσθαι τοὺς κατὰ τὰς βροντὰς ἀποτελοῦντος ψόφους, στερέωσιν βροντῆς ἡ Γραφὴ προσηγόρευσεν. Καὶ νῦν τοίνυν ἡγούμεθα ἐπί τινος στερρᾶς φύσεως, στέγειν τοῦ ὕδατος τὸ ὀλισθηρὸν καὶ εὐδιάλυτον ἐξαρκούσης, τὴν φωνὴν ταύτην τετάχθαι. Καὶ οὐ δήπου, ἐπειδὴ κατὰ τὴν κοινὴν ἐκδοχὴν ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος δοκεῖ τὴν γένεσιν ἐσχηκέναι, ἢ ὕδατι πεπηγότι ἐμφερὲς εἶναι προσήκει νομίζειν, ἤ τινι τοιαύτῃ ὕλῃ ἐκ τῆς τοῦ ὑγροῦ διηθήσεως τὴν ἀρχὴν λαμβανούσῃ, ὁποία ἐστὶν ἥ τε τοῦ κρυστάλλου λίθου, ὃν δι' ὑπερβάλλουσαν τοῦ ὕδατος πῆξιν μεταποιεῖσθαί φασιν, ἢ ἡ τοῦ σπέκλου φύσις ἐν μετάλλοις συνισταμένη. Λίθος δέ ἐστι διαυγὴς, ἰδιάζουσαν καὶ καθαρωτάτην τὴν διαφάνειαν κεκτημένος, ὃς ἐὰν κατὰ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φύσιν ἀκριβὴς εὑρεθῇ, μήτε κατεδηδεσμένος σηπεδόνι τινὶ, μήτε τὸ βάθος ὑπερρηγμένος ταῖς διαφύσεσι, μικροῦ τῷ ἀέρι τὴν διαύγειαν ἔοικεν. Οὐδενὶ οὖν τούτων εἰκάζομεν τὸ στερέωμα. Παιδικῆς γὰρ τῷ ὄντι καὶ ἁπλῆς διανοίας, τοιαύτας ἔχειν περὶ τῶν οὐρανίων τὰς ὑπολήψεις. Οὐ μὴν, οὐδὲ εἰ πάντα ἐν ἅπασίν ἐστι, πῦρ μὲν ἐν γῇ, ἀὴρ δὲ ἐν ὕδατι, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὡσαύτως ἐν ἑτέρῳ τὸ ἕτερον· καὶ μηδὲν τῶν αἰσθήσει ὑποπιπτόντων στοιχείων εἰλικρινές ἐστι καὶ ἀμιγὲς, ἢ τῆς πρὸς τὸ μέσον, ἢ τῆς πρὸς τὸ ἀντι κείμενον κοινωνίας· τούτου ἕνεκεν καταδεχόμεθα, τὸ στερέωμα ἢ ἐξ ἑνὸς τῶν ἁπλῶν, ἢ τὸ ἀπὸ τούτων μίγμα φῆσαι ὑπάρχειν, δεδιδαγμένοι παρὰ τῆς Γραφῆς, μηδὲν ἐπιτρέπειν ἡμῶν τῷ νῷ πέρα τῶν συγκεχωρημένων φαντα σιοῦσθαι. Μὴ παραδράμῃ δὲ ἡμᾶς μηδὲ ἐκεῖνο ἀπαρασή μαντον, ὅτι μετὰ τὸ προστάξαι τὸν Θεὸν, Γενηθήτω στε ρέωμα, οὐκ εἴρηται ἁπλῶς, καὶ ἐγένετο στερέωμα· ἀλλὰ, Καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ στερέωμα· καὶ πάλιν, ∆ιεχώρισεν ὁ Θεός. Οἱ κωφοὶ ἀκούσατε, καὶ οἱ τυφλοὶ ἀναβλέψατε. Καὶ τίς κωφὸς, ἀλλ' ἢ ὁ μὴ ἀκούων οὕτω μεγαλοφώνως ἐμβοῶντος τοῦ Πνεύματος; Καὶ τίς τυφλός; Ὁ μὴ ἐνορῶν ταῖς οὕτως ἐναργέσι περὶ τοῦ Μονογενοῦς ἀποδείξεσι. Γενηθήτω στερέωμα. Αὕτη ἡ φωνὴ τῆς προκαταρκτικῆς αἰτίας. Ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ στερέωμα. Αὕτη τῆς ποιητικῆς καὶ δημιουργικῆς δυνάμεως μαρτυρία. 3.5 Ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τὰ συνεχῆ τῆς ἐξηγήσεως τὸν λόγον ἐπανα γάγωμεν. Ἔστω διαχωρίζον, φησὶν, ἀνὰ μέσον ὕδατος καὶ ὕδατος. Ἄπειρος μὲν ἦν, ὡς ἔοικε, τῶν ὑδάτων ἡ χύσις, πανταχόθεν ἐπικυμαινόντων τῇ γῇ καὶ ἀπαιωρουμένων αὐτῆς· ὡς καὶ τὴν πρὸς τὰ ἄλλα στοιχεῖα δοκεῖν ἀναλογίαν ἐκβαίνειν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο γὰρ ἐν τοῖς κατόπιν ἐλέγετο ἄβυσσος πανταχόθεν περιβεβλῆσθαι τῇ γῇ. Τὴν δὲ αἰτίαν τοῦ πλήθους ἐν τοῖς ἑξῆς ἀποδώσομεν. Πάντως δὲ οὐδεὶς ὑμῶν οὐδὲ τῶν πάνυ κατησκημένων τὸν νοῦν, καὶ περὶ τὴν φθειρομένην ταύτην καὶ ῥέουσαν φύσιν ὀξυωπούντων, ἐπισκήψει τῇ δόξῃ, ὡς ἀδύνατα ἢ