In Athens, on the acropolis, is that of Cecrops, as Antiochus says in the ninth book of his Histories. And what of Erichthonius? Was he not buried in the temple of Polias? And Immaradus, the son of Eumolpus and Daeira, was he not in the precinct of the Eleusinium, which is under the acropolis? And were not the daughters 3.45.2 of Celeus buried in Eleusis? Why should I enumerate to you the Hyperborean women? They were called Hyperoche and Laodice, and were buried in the Artemision in Delos, which is in the temple of Delian Apollo. And Leandrius says that Cleochus 3.45.3 was buried in Miletus, in the Didymaeum. Following Zeno of Myndus, it is not right to pass over the monument of Leucophryne here, who was buried in the temple of Artemis in Magnesia, nor indeed the altar of Apollo in Telmessus; they relate that this too is the tomb of Telmessus the 3.45.4 seer. And Ptolemy the son of Agesarchus, in the first book of his work on Philopator, says that in Paphos, in the temple of Aphrodite, both Cinyras and the descendants of Cinyras 3.45.5 were buried. But were I to go on listing the tombs you worship, all time would not be enough for me; but if no shame for your bold deeds steals over you, then you who are completely dead wander about, having truly put your trust in the dead. O wretched ones, what evil is this you suffer? Your heads are wrapped in night. 4.46.1 But if, in addition to this, I were to bring and set before you the statues themselves for inspection, you would, upon examination, find your custom to be truly a trifle, turning yourselves 4.46.2 to the senseless "works of men's hands." In olden times, then, the Scythians worshipped the scimitar, the Arabs the stone, the Persians the river; and of the other peoples, those still more ancient set up conspicuous pieces of wood and erected pillars of stone; which were indeed called xoana 4.46.3 because they were scraped from the material. For instance, in Icarus the statue of Artemis was an unworked piece of wood, and that of Cithaeronian Hera in Thespiae a felled tree-trunk; and the statue of Samian Hera, as Aethlius says, was at first a plank, but later, in the archonship of Procles, it was made in human form. And when the xoana began to be fashioned in the likeness of men, they acquired the name bretē from mortals (brotoi). 4.46.4 But in Rome, the writer Varro says that the ancient xoanon of Ares was a spear, the craftsmen not yet having rushed into this specious evil art. But when the art flourished, the error increased. 4.47.1 That they made stones and wood and, to speak concisely, matter into man-like statues, to which you feign reverence, maligning the truth, is already clear from this; but since the topic requires some proof, 4.47.2 it must not be evaded. Now, that Phidias fashioned the Zeus at Olympia and the Polias at Athens out of gold and ivory is clear to everyone; and that the xoanon of Hera in Samos was made by Smilis, son of Eucleides, Olympichus 4.47.3 relates in his Samian history. Do not doubt, then, if of the goddesses called the Semnae in Athens Scopas made two from the stone called lychnites, and Calos the one between them; I can show you Polemon relating this 4.47.4 in the fourth book of his work Against Timaeus; nor the statues of Zeus and Apollo in Patara of Lycia <if> Phidias again made those statues just as he made the lions dedicated with them; but if, as some say, it was the art of Bryaxis, I do not dispute it; you have him also as a statue-maker. 4.47.5 Ascribe it to whichever of them you wish. And indeed, the nine-cubit high statues of Poseidon and Amphitrite worshipped in Tenos are the work of Telesius the Athenian, as Philochorus says. For Demetrius, in the second book of his Argolica, records both the material of the xoanon of Hera in Tiryns, 4.47.6 pear-wood, and its maker, Argus. Many, perhaps, would be surprised if they were to learn that the
Ἀθήνησιν δὲ ἐν ἀκροπόλει Κέκροπος, ὥς φησιν Ἀντίοχος ἐν τῷ ἐνάτῳ τῶν Ἱστοριῶν. Τί δὲ Ἐριχθόνιος; Οὐχὶ ἐν τῷ νεῲ τῆς Πολιάδος κεκήδευται; Ἰμμάραδος δὲ ὁ Εὐμόλπου καὶ ∆αείρας οὐχὶ ἐν τῷ περιβόλῳ τοῦ Ἐλευσινίου τοῦ ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει; Αἱ δὲ Κελεοῦ 3.45.2 θυγατέρες οὐχὶ ἐν Ἐλευσῖνι τετάφαται; Τί σοι καταλέγω τὰς Ὑπερβορέων γυναῖκας; Ὑπερόχη καὶ Λαοδίκη κέκλησθον, ἐν τῷ Ἀρτεμισίῳ ἐν ∆ήλῳ κεκήδευσθον, τὸ δὲ ἐν τῷ Ἀπόλλωνος τοῦ ∆ηλίου ἐστὶν ἱερῷ. Λεάνδριος δὲ Κλέοχον 3.45.3 ἐν Μιλήτῳ τεθάφθαι ἐν τῷ ∆ιδυμαίῳ φησίν. Ἐνταῦθα τῆς Λευκοφρύνης τὸ μνημεῖον οὐκ ἄξιον παρελθεῖν ἑπομένους Ζήνωνι τῷ Μυνδίῳ, ἣ ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος ἐν Μαγνησίᾳ κεκήδευται, οὐδὲ μὴν τὸν ἐν Τελμισσῷ βωμὸν τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος· μνῆμα εἶναι καὶ τοῦτον Τελμισσέως τοῦ 3.45.4 μάντεως ἱστοροῦσιν. Πτολεμαῖος δὲ ὁ τοῦ Ἀγησάρχου ἐν τῷ αʹ τῶν περὶ τὸν Φιλοπάτορα ἐν Πάφῳ λέγει ἐν τῷ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης ἱερῷ Κινύραν τε καὶ τοὺς Κινύρου ἀπογόνους 3.45.5 κεκηδεῦσθαι. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἐπιόντι μοι τοὺς προσκυνουμένους ὑμῖν τάφους ἐμοὶ μὲν οὐδ' ὁ πᾶς ἂν ἀρκέσῃ χρόνος· ὑμᾶς δὲ εἰ μὴ ὑπεισέρχεταί τις αἰσχύνη τῶν τολμωμένων, νεκροὶ ἄρα τέλεον ὄντες νεκροῖς ὄντως πεπιστευκότες περιέρχεσθε· ἆ δειλοί, τί κακὸν τόδε πάσχετε; νυκτὶ μὲν ὑμῶν εἰλύαται κεφαλαί. 4.46.1 Εἰ δ' ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις φέρων ὑμῖν τὰ ἀγάλματα αὐτὰ ἐπισκοπεῖν παραθείην, ἐπιόντες ὡς ἀληθῶς λῆρον εὑρήσετε τὴν συνήθειαν, "ἔργα χειρῶν ἀνθρώπων" ἀναίσθητα προσ 4.46.2 τρεπόμενοι. Πάλαι μὲν οὖν οἱ Σκύθαι τὸν ἀκινάκην, οἱ Ἄραβες τὸν λίθον, οἱ Πέρσαι τὸν ποταμὸν προσεκύνουν, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων οἱ ἔτι παλαιότεροι ξύλα ἱδρύοντο περιφανῆ καὶ κίονας ἵστων ἐκ λίθων· ἃ δὴ καὶ ξόανα 4.46.3 προσηγορεύετο διὰ τὸ ἀπεξέσθαι τῆς ὕλης. Ἀμέλει ἐν Ἰκάρῳ τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος τὸ ἄγαλμα ξύλον ἦν οὐκ εἰργασμένον, καὶ τῆς Κιθαιρωνίας Ἥρας ἐν Θεσπείᾳ πρέμνον ἐκκεκομ μένον· καὶ τὸ τῆς Σαμίας Ἥρας, ὥς φησιν Ἀέθλιος, πρότερον μὲν ἦν σανίς, ὕστερον δὲ ἐπὶ Προκλέους ἄρχοντος ἀνδριαντοειδὲς ἐγένετο. Ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀνθρώποις ἀπεικονίζεσθαι τὰ ξόανα ἤρξατο, βρέτη τὴν ἐκ βροτῶν ἐπωνυμίαν ἐκαρπώ 4.46.4 σατο. Ἐν Ῥώμῃ δὲ τὸ παλαιὸν δόρυ φησὶ γεγονέναι τοῦ Ἄρεως τὸ ξόανον Οὐάρρων ὁ συγγραφεύς, οὐδέπω τῶν τεχνιτῶν ἐπὶ τὴν εὐπρόσωπον ταύτην κακοτεχνίαν ὡρμη κότων. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἤνθησεν ἡ τέχνη, ηὔξησεν ἡ πλάνη. 4.47.1 Ὡς μὲν οὖν τοὺς λίθους καὶ τὰ ξύλα καὶ συνελόντι φάναι τὴν ὕλην ἀγάλματα ἀνδρείκελα ἐποιήσαντο, οἷς ἐπιμορφάζετε εὐσέβειαν συκοφαντοῦντες τὴν ἀλήθειαν, ἤδη μὲν αὐτόθεν δῆλον· οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀποδείξεως ποσῆς 4.47.2 ἐπιδεομένου τοῦ τόπου οὐ παραιτητέον. Τὸν μὲν οὖν Ὀλυμ πίασι ∆ία καὶ τὴν Ἀθήνησι Πολιάδα ἐκ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἐλέφαντος κατασκευάσαι Φειδίαν παντί που σαφές· τὸ δὲ ἐν Σάμῳ τῆς Ἥρας ξόανον Σμίλιδι τῷ Εὐκλείδου πεποιῆσθαι Ὀλύμπιχος4.47.3 ἐν Σαμιακοῖς ἱστορεῖ. Μὴ οὖν ἀμφιβάλλετε, εἰ τῶν Σεμνῶν Ἀθήνησι καλουμένων θεῶν τὰς μὲν δύο Σκόπας ἐποίησεν ἐκ τοῦ καλουμένου λυχνέως λίθου, Κάλως δὲ τὴν μέσην αὐταῖν· ἱστοροῦντα ἔχω σοι Πολέμωνα δεικνύναι 4.47.4 ἐν τῇ τετάρτῃ τῶν Πρὸς Τίμαιον· μηδὲ τὰ ἐν Πατάροις τῆς Λυκίας ἀγάλματα ∆ιὸς καὶ Ἀπόλλωνος <εἰ> Φειδίας πάλιν ἐκεῖνα τὰ ἀγάλματα καθάπερ τοὺς λέοντας τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς ἀνακειμένους εἴργασται· εἰ δέ, ὥς φασί τινες, Βρυάξιος ἦν τέχνη, οὐ διαφέρομαι· ἔχεις καὶ τοῦτον ἀγαλ 4.47.5 ματουργόν· ὁπότερον αὐτοῖν βούλει ἐπίγραφε. Καὶ μὴν Τελεσίου τοῦ Ἀθηναίου, ὥς φησι Φιλόχορος, ἔργον εἰσὶν ἀγάλματα ἐννεαπήχη Ποσειδῶνος καὶ Ἀμφιτρίτης ἐν Τήνῳ προσκυνούμενα. ∆ημήτριος γὰρ ἐν δευτέρῳ τῶν Ἀργολικῶν τοῦ ἐν Τίρυνθι τῆς Ἥρας ξοάνου καὶ τὴν ὕλην 4.47.6 ὄγχνην καὶ τὸν ποιητὴν Ἄργον ἀναγράφει. Πολλοὶ δ' ἂν τάχα που θαυμάσειαν, εἰ μάθοιεν τὸ