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were called promotae collectively, organized into four battalions: viarchs, ducenarii, centurions. centenarii .... ... from all of these, ten tribunes, two consuls, eighteen praetors, and six aediles administered justice in the city 78 and they alone.” So says Pomponius, avoiding, as it seems, the bulk and diversity of the history. But Ulpian, in his Pro-tribunalibus, went through the accounts concerning the praetors in greater detail, calling some 'tutelarii' and others 'fideicommissarii'; whom, once they were no longer active, I did not think to mention. 49 Having found mention in the histories of so many magistrates from the beginnings of the Roman state up to the most clement reign of Titus, I shall put an end to my account. For I did not think to make mention either of the twelve poliarchs of Domitian, nor indeed of the innovations of Bassianus, surnamed Caracalla; for things done by those who have reigned badly, even if they are good, should be despised.

CONCERNING THE PREFECT OF THE NIGHT 50 The Tribures, a Gallic tribe, dwelling along the banks of the Rhine, where also

the city Triburis—the Italians call them Sugambri, but the Gauls in our time call them Franks—once in the time of Brennus, wandering scattered through the Alps, were carried into Italy through pathless and thorny wastes, as Virgil says. Then, having entered through the sewers, they seized Rome and the Capitol itself, when, the geese in the temple, disturbed by the barbarians who appeared in the dead of night, aroused Mallius the general—he was a neighbor—and he drove out the barbarians, and he ordained for the Romans to hold a festival and a horse-race for the geese, but destruction for the dogs when the sun is in Leo 80. When these things thus happened at that time, a law was established that appointed the guards of the night. And as far as chronology is concerned, we should have mentioned these things before, but since the law does not count this office among the magistracies of the state, but it is a corps and body devised for the sake of public service, it was fitting to set it forth also as a kind of conclusion to the magistracies. For not only do they keep the city unharmed from raid and the secret attack of enemies and undisturbed from domestic harm, but they also assist those who are harmed by fires. And the lawgiver Paul is a witness, in these very words, according to interpretation: «The ancients established the triumviral corps on account of fires, who were also called night-watchmen from their duty. With them were also the aediles and tribunes; a college, that is a corps, served under them, which was quartered around the gates of the city and the walls, so that, when need called, being easily found they could run together.» So says Paul, and the account is true even now. Should something of this kind—may it not be!—happen in the city, those of them who happen to be found at the opportune moment shout in the ancestral tongue of the Romans, «omnes collegiati concurrite,» which is to say, «all colleagues, run together.» 51 When these things had thus proceeded, the seven hundred and sixth year had passed for the city. Caesar, as monarch, abolished all the magistracies, and alone girded himself with the power over all of them. And having lasted for three years, he himself was slaughtered in the senate, and for the rest, Caesar the young, his nephew, after whom power devolved to the Caesars. 82 BOOK II CONCERNING CAESAR AND THE INSIGNIA OF CAESAR 1 Those who have dared at any time to establish a tyranny not only corrupted the times in which they lived but also became a detriment to later generations, leaving behind for their subjects emulators of their evils. Thus when Marius had acted as tyrant and had been served, Sulla rose up and acted as a rival tyrant; and as they opposed each other, the Roman state, being the borderland for the tyrants, was cut to pieces.

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προμῶται καθ' ὁμαλοῦ προσηγορεύθησαν, συνεστῶτες εἰς τάγματα τέσσαρα· βιάρχους, δουκηναρίους, κεντουρίωνας. κεντηναρίους .... ... ἐκ τούτων μὲν πάντων δέκα μὲν δήμαρχοι, δύο δὲ ὕπατοι καὶ δέκα καὶ ὀκτὼ πραίτωρες καὶ ἓξ ἀγορανόμοι ἐπὶ 78 τῆς πόλεως δίκαια ἀπένειμαν καὶ μόνοι.» ταῦτα ὁ Πομπώνιος, ὡς ἔοικεν, τὸ πλῆθος καὶ ποικίλον τῆς ἱστορίας διαφυγών. ὅ γε μὴν Οὐλπιανὸς ἐν τοῖς προγραφομένοις Προτριβουναλίοις λεπτοτέρως τοὺς περὶ τῶν πραιτώρων διεξῆλθε λόγους, τοὺς μὲν tutelarios, τοὺς δὲ fideicommissarios ὀνομάζων· ὧν ἅπαξ σχολαζόντων οὐ συνεῖδον μνησθῆναι. 49 Τοσούτων ἀρχόντων ἐκ προοιμίων τῆς Ῥωμαϊκῆς πολιτείας μέχρι τῆς ἐπιεικεστάτης βασιλείας Τίτου μνήμην ἐν ταῖς ἱστορίαις εὑρών, πέρας ἐπιθήσω τῷ λόγῳ. οὐδὲ γὰρ τῶν ∆ομιτιανοῦ δυοκαίδεκα πολιάρχων οὐδὲ μὴν τῶν Βασσιανοῦ τὸ ἐπίκλην Καρακάλλου νεωτερισμῶν μνήμην ποιήσασθαι συνεῖδον· τὰ γὰρ παρὰ τῶν κακῶς βεβασιλευκότων γενόμενα, κἂν ὦσι χρηστά, καταφρονείσθω.

ΠΕΡῚ ΤΟΥ͂ ὙΠΆΡΧΟΥ ΤΩ͂Ν ΝΥΚΤΩ͂Ν 50 Τρίβυρες, ἔθνος Γαλατικόν, ταῖς ὄχθαις τοῦ Ῥήνου παρανεμόμενοι, ὅπου καὶ

Τρίβυρις ἡ πόλις Συγάμβρους αὐτοὺς Ἰταλοί, οἱ δὲ Γαλάται Φράγγους καθ' ἡμᾶς ἐπιφημίζουσιν, ἐπὶ Βρέννου ποτὲ διὰ τῶν Ἄλπεων σποράδην ἀλώμενοι, ἐπὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἐξηνέχθησαν διὰ τῶν ἀνοδεύτων καὶ ἀκανθωδῶν ἐρημιῶν, ὥς φησιν Οὐεργίλιος. εἶτα καὶ διὰ τῶν ὑπονόμων ἐπελθόντες τὴν Ῥώμην καὶ αὐτὸ δὲ τὸ Καπιτώλιον ἐκράτησαν ὅτε, τῶν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ χηνῶν ταραχθέντων ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἀκράτῳ νυκτὶ φανέντων, διεγερθεὶς Μάλλιος ὁ στρατηγὸς γείτων δὲ ἦν τοὺς μὲν βαρβάρους ἐξώθησεν, τοῖς δὲ χησὶν ἑορτὴν καὶ ἱπποδρομίαν ἄγειν Ῥωμαίοις, τοῖς δὲ κυσὶν ὄλεθρον κατὰ τὸν 80 ἐν λέοντι ἥλιον διώρισεν. τούτων οὕτως τότε γενομένων, νόμος ἐτέθη ὁ προάγων τοὺς φύλακας τῶν νυκτῶν. καὶ ὅσον μὲν πρὸς τὸ μῆκος τοῦ χρόνου, ἐχρῆν ἡμᾶς ἔμπροσθεν τούτων ἐπιμνησθῆναι, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ μὴ ταῖς ἀρχαῖς τῆς πολιτείας καὶ τουτὶ συναριθμεῖσθαι τὸ φρόντισμα νόμος, σύστημα δὲ καὶ σῶμα τυγχάνει λειτουργίας χάριν ἐπινοηθέν, εἰκὸς ἦν καὶ αὐτὸ ὥς γ' οὖν πέρας τι τῶν ἀρχῶν παραθέσθαι. οὐ γὰρ μόνον τὴν πόλιν ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς καὶ λανθανούσης ἐφόδου πολεμίων ἀπήμαντον καὶ ἀστασίαστον ἐμφυλίου βλάβης φυλάττουσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐμπρησμῶν βλαπτομένοις ἀμύνουσιν. καὶ μάρτυς Παῦλος ὁ νομοθέτης αὐτοῖς ῥήμασι καθ' ἑρμηνείαν οὕτως· «τὸ τριανδρικὸν σύστημα παρὰ τοῖς παλαιοῖς διὰ τοὺς ἐμπρησμοὺς προεβάλοντο, οἳ καὶ νυκτερινοὶ ἐκ τοῦ πράγματος ἐλέγοντο. συνῆσαν δὲ αὐτοῖς καὶ οἱ ἀγορανόμοι καὶ δήμαρχοι· ὑπούργει κολλήγιον, ἀντὶ τοῦ σύστημα, ὃ περὶ τὰς πύλας τῆς πόλεως ᾤκει καὶ τὰ τείχη, ὥστε, τῆς χρείας καλούσης, εὐχερῶς εὑρισκομένους συντρέχειν.» οὕτως μὲν ὁ Παῦλος, ὅτι δὲ ἀληθὴς ὁ λόγος ἐστὶ καὶ νῦν. τοιούτου τινὸς ἀπείη! συμβαίνοντος ἀνὰ τὴν πόλιν, οἱ τυχὸν ἐπικαίρως ἐξ αὐτῶν εὑρισκόμενοι βοῶντες τῇ πατρίῳ Ῥωμαίων φωνῇ «omnes collegiati concurrite,» οἷον εἰπεῖν, «πάντες ἑταῖροι συνδράμετε.» 51 Τούτων οὕτως προαχθέντων, ἕκτον καὶ ἑπτακοσιοστὸν ἔτος τῇ πόλει ἐκεχωρήκει. Καῖσαρ δὲ μοναρχῶν πάσας μὲν ἀπέπαυσε τὰς ἀρχάς, τὴν δὲ τῶν ὅλων δύναμιν ἀρχῶν ἀνεζώσατο μόνος. καὶ τρισὶν ἐνιαυτοῖς διαρκέσας αὐτὸς μὲν ἐν τῇ βουλῇ κατεσφάγη, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν Καῖσαρ ὁ νέος ἀδελφιδοῦς ἐκείνου, μεθ' ὃν τὸ κράτος εἰς τοὺς Καίσαρας περιέστη. 82 ΛΟΓΟΣ Β ΠΕΡῚ ΚΑΊΣΑΡΟΣ ΚΑῚ ΤΩ͂Ν ΚΑΊΣΑΡΟΣ ἘΠΙΣΉΜΩΝ 1 Οἱ τυραννίδα καθ' ὅντινα οὖν καιρὸν τολμήσαντες οὐ μόνον τοὺς ἐν οἷς ἐγένοντο καιροῖς ἐλυμήναντο ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς μεταγενεστέροις πρὸς βλάβης ἐγένοντο, ζηλωτὰς κακῶν τοῖς ὑπηκόοις ἀπολιμπάνοντες. Μαρίου τοίνυν τυραννήσαντος καὶ ὑπουργήσαντος, Σύλλας ἀναστὰς ἀντετυράννησεν· αὐτῶν δὲ ἀλλήλοις ἀντιφερομένων, ἡ Ῥωμαίων μεταίχμιον οὖσα τοῖς τυράννοις ἐσπαθίζετο πολιτεία.