John Chrysostom, On the Letter to the Philippians

but I did not say this for this reason, that life alone magnifies him, but also death. But for now, Through life, he says; they do not destroy me, but even if they took me, even so Christ will be magnified. How? Through life, because he delivered me; but through death, because not even death persuaded me to deny him. Because he bestowed on me such readiness, and made me stronger than death; there, because he delivered me from dangers; but here, because he did not allow me to fear the tyranny of death. Thus he will be magnified through life and death. 2. But he says these things, not as being about to die, but for when he does die, so that they may not suffer any human emotion. For that he was not saying these things as one about to die, which especially grieved them, see how he consoles this, almost saying: But I say these things, he says, not as one about to die. For this reason he went on to add: And having this confidence, I know that I will remain, and will continue with you all. But the phrase, I shall not be ashamed in anything, means this: To die brings me no shame, but even great gain. Why? For I am not immortal, but I shall be even more glorious than if I were immortal; for 62.200 it is not the same for an immortal being to despise death, as for a mortal one. So this too is no shame, to die now; however I will not die. I will not be ashamed in anything, he says, neither in living, nor in dying; for I will bear both nobly, whether to live, or to die. Well said; this is of a Christian soul. But with all, he says, boldness. Do you see, how I am not ashamed? For if the fear of death were to cut off my boldness, dying would be worthy of shame; but if, when it came, it caused no fear, this is no shame; but whether I live, through living I will not be ashamed; for I proclaim the proclamation; or if I die, through dying I will not be ashamed; for fear did not restrain me; for I show the same boldness. For do not, because I mentioned bonds, think the matter a shame. It has become for me the cause of so many good things, that it has given others courage too. For not to be bound for Christ, but to be afraid of the bonds and to betray any of Christ's things, this is a shame; so that if this is not the case, the bonds are even a cause of boldness. Do not, because I often escaped dangers (and I have grounds to boast in these things to unbelievers), if something like this should not happen, now think it a shame; for this too gives you boldness no less than that. See how he brings this forward in his own person; which he does in many places and elsewhere, as in Romans, For I am not ashamed of the Gospel, he says; as in Corinthians: These things I have applied to myself and Apollos. Whether through life or through death. He does not say this as if he were ignorant; for he knows that he will not die then, but after this; however he is already preparing their soul; For to me, he says, to live is Christ, and to die is gain. For even having died, he says, I will not be dead, having the life in myself. They would have destroyed me then, if they had been able through fear to cast the faith out of my soul; but as long as Christ is with me, even if death should come, I live. And in this life, this is not my living, but Christ. If, therefore, not even in this life this is so: But what I now live in the flesh, I live in faith; this I also say there: I live no longer, but Christ lives in me. Such should the Christian be. I do not live, he says, the common life. How then do you live, O blessed Paul? do you not see the sun? do you not breathe the common air? are you not nourished by these foods that are for all? do you not walk the earth, just like us? do you not have need of sleep? nor of clothes? nor of shoes? What do you mean, I do not live? How do you not live? why do you boast? This is not boasting. For if the facts did not bear witness, one might reasonably say it is boasting; but if the facts bear witness, what boasting is it? How then does he not live,

ἀλλ' οὐ διὰ τοῦτο οὕτως εἶπον, ὅτι ἡ ζωὴ μόνη μεγαλυνεῖ αὐτὸν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ θάνατος. Τέως δὲ, ∆ιὰ ζωῆς, φησίν· οὐκ ἀναιροῦσί με, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰ εἷλόν με, καὶ οὕτω μεγαλυνθήσεται ὁ Χριστός. Πῶς; ∆ιὰ μὲν ζωῆς, ὅτι ἐξείλετο· διὰ θανάτου δὲ, ὅτι οὐδὲ θάνατος ἔπεισέ με ἀρνήσασθαι αὐτόν. Ὅτι μοι τοσαύτην προθυμίαν ἐχαρίσατο, καὶ θανάτου ἐποίησεν ἰσχυρότερον· ἐκεῖ μὲν, ὅτι με ἀπήλλαξε κινδύνων· ἐνταῦθα δὲ, ὅτι με οὐκ εἴασε φοβηθῆναι τοῦ θανάτου τὴν τυραννίδα. Οὕτω μεγαλυνθήσεται διὰ ζωῆς καὶ θανάτου. βʹ. Ταῦτα δὲ λέγει, οὐχ ὡς μέλλων ἀποθανεῖσθαι, ἀλλ' ὅταν ἀποθάνῃ, ἵνα μηδὲν ἀνθρώπινον πάθωσιν. Ὅτι γὰρ οὐχ ὡς μέλλων ἀποθανεῖσθαι, ὃ μάλιστα αὐτοὺς ἐλύπει, ταῦτα ἔλεγεν, ὅρα πῶς αὐτὸ παραμυθεῖται, μονονουχὶ λέγων· Ταῦτα δὲ λέγω, φησὶν, οὐχ ὡς ἀποθανούμενος. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἐπήγαγε προϊών· Καὶ τοῦτο πεποιθὼς οἶδα ὅτι μενῶ, καὶ συμπαραμενῶ πᾶσιν ὑμῖν. Τὸ δὲ, Ἐν οὐδενὶ αἰσχυνθήσομαι, τοῦτό ἐστιν, Οὐ φέρει μοι αἰσχύνην τὸ ἀποθανεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ μέγα κέρδος. ∆ιὰ τί; Οὐ γὰρ ἀθάνατός εἰμι, ἀλλὰ καὶ λαμπρότερος ἔσομαι, ἢ εἰ καὶ ἀθάνατος ἤμην· οὐ γάρ 62.200 ἐστιν ἴσον ἀθάνατον ὄντα καταφρονεῖν θανάτου, καὶ θνητόν. Ὥστε οὐδὲ τοῦτο αἰσχύνη, τὸ νῦν ἀποθανεῖν· πλὴν οὐκ ἀποθανοῦμαι. Ἐν οὐδενὶ αἰσχυνθήσομαι, οὔτε ἐν τῷ ζῇν, οὔτε ἐν τῷ ἀποθανεῖν, φησίν· ἀμφότερα γὰρ γενναίως ὑποίσω, εἴτε ζῇν, εἴτε ἀποθανεῖν. Καλῶς· τοῦτο Χριστιανῆς ψυχῆς. Ἀλλ' ἐν πάσῃ, φησὶ, παῤῥησίᾳ. Ὁρᾷς, πῶς οὐκ αἰσχύνομαι; Εἰ μὲν γὰρ ὁ τοῦ θανάτου φόβος περιέκοπτέ μου τὴν παῤῥησίαν, αἰσχύνης ἄξιον τὸ ἀποθανεῖν· εἰ δὲ οὐδὲν οὗτος ἐπελθὼν ἐφόβησεν, οὐκ αἰσχύνη τοῦτο· ἀλλ' εἴτε ζῶ, διὰ τοῦ ζῇν οὐκ αἰσχυνθήσομαι· κηρύττω γὰρ τὸ κήρυγμα· εἴτε ἀποθάνω, διὰ τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν οὐκ αἰσχυνθήσομαι· οὐ κατεῖχέ με γὰρ φόβος· τὴν γὰρ αὐτὴν παῤῥησίαν ἐπιδείκνυμαι. Μὴ γὰρ, ἐπειδὴ δεσμὰ εἶπον, αἰσχύνην τὸ πρᾶγμα νομίσητε. Τοσούτων ἀγαθῶν αἴτιόν μοι γέγονεν, ὅτι καὶ ἑτέροις ἔδωκε θαῤῥεῖν. Οὐ γὰρ τὸ δεθῆναι διὰ Χριστὸν, ἀλλὰ τὸ φοβηθέντα τὰ δεσμὰ, προδοῦναί τι τῶν τοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦτο αἰσχύνη· ὡς, ἂν τοῦτο μὴ ᾖ, καὶ παῤῥησίας πρόξενα τὰ δεσμά. Μὴ ἐπειδὴ πολλάκις διέφυγον κινδύνους (καὶ ἔχω ἐπὶ τούτοις καυχᾶσθαι πρὸς τοὺς ἀπίστους), ἂν μὴ συμβῇ τι τοιοῦτον, ἤδη νομίζετε αἰσχύνεσθαι· καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο οὐχ ἧττον ἐκείνου δίδωσιν ὑμῖν τὴν παῤῥησίαν. Ὅρα πῶς ἐπὶ τοῦ οἰκείου προσώπου αὐτὸ προάγει· ὅπερ πολλαχοῦ ποιεῖ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ, καθάπερ ἐπὶ Ῥωμαίων, Οὐ γὰρ ἐπαισχύνομαι τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον, φησί· καθάπερ ἐπὶ Κορινθίων· Ταῦτα δὲ μετεσχημάτισα εἰς ἐμαυτὸν καὶ Ἀπολλώ. Εἴτε διὰ ζωῆς εἴτε διὰ θανάτου. Οὐχ ὡς ἀγνοῶν τοῦτό φησιν· οἶδε μὲν γὰρ, ὅτι οὐκ ἀποθανεῖται τότε, ἀλλὰ μετὰ ταῦτα· πλὴν αὐτῶν προπαρασκευάζει τὴν ψυχὴν ἤδη· Ἐμοὶ γὰρ, φησὶ, τὸ ζῇν Χριστὸς, καὶ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν κέρδος. Καὶ γὰρ ἀποθανὼν, φησὶν, οὐ τεθνήξομαι, τὴν ζωὴν ἔχων ἐν ἐμαυτῷ. Τότε με ἀνεῖλον ἂν, εἰ ἴσχυσαν διὰ τοῦ φόβου τὴν πίστιν ἐκβαλεῖν τῆς ἐμῆς ψυχῆς· ἕως δ' ἂν Χριστὸς ᾖ μετ' ἐμοῦ, κἂν θάνατος ἐπέλθῃ, ζῶ. Καὶ ἐν τῇ ζωῇ δὲ ταύτῃ οὐ τοῦτό ἐστί μου τὸ ζῇν, ἀλλὰ ὁ Χριστός. Εἰ τοίνυν οὐδὲ ἐν τῇ ζωῇ ταύτῃ τοῦτό ἐστιν· Ὃ δὲ νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκὶ, ἐν πίστει ζῶ· τοῦτο κἀκεῖ λέγω· Ζῶ δὲ οὐκέτι ἐγὼ, ζῇ δὲ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός. Τοιοῦτον χρὴ εἶναι τὸν Χριστιανόν. Οὐ ζῶ, φησὶ, τὴν κοινὴν ζωήν. Πῶς οὖν ζῇς, ὦ μακάριε Παῦλε; οὐχὶ τὸν ἥλιον ὁρᾷς; οὐχὶ τὸν κοινὸν ἀέρα ἀναπνεῖς; οὐχὶ ταύταις ταῖς ἁπάντων τρέφῃ τροφαῖς; οὐχὶ τὴν γῆν πατεῖς, ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς; οὐχὶ ὕπνου δέῃ; οὐχὶ ἐνδυμάτων; οὐχὶ ὑποδημάτων; Τί λέγεις, Οὐ ζῶ; Πῶς οὐ ζῇς; τί μεγαλαυχεῖς; Οὐκ ἔστι μεγαληγορία ταῦτα. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ μὴ τὰ πράγματα ἐμαρτύρει, εἰκότως ἄν τις εἴποι μεγαληγορίαν εἶναι· εἰ δὲ τὰ πράγματα μαρτυρεῖ, ποία μεγαληγορία; Πῶς οὖν οὐ ζῇ,