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they called substance. But the holy fathers, setting aside the many quibbles, called the common and that which is said of many, that is, the most specific species, substance and nature and form, such as angel, man, horse, dog, and such things; for substance is also said from "to be", and nature from "to be by nature", and "to be" and "to be by nature" are the same thing; and form and species also signify the same thing as nature. But the particular they called individual and person and hypostasis, such as Peter, Paul. But the hypostasis must have substance with accidents and subsist in itself and be perceived by sense, that is, in actuality. And it is impossible for two hypostases not to differ from one another in their accidents and to differ from one another in number. And it is necessary to know that the characteristic properties are the accidents that characterize the hypostasis. 32 Concerning homonyms. Homonyms are those things that share in the name, but differ in the definition or description. For instance, the name dog is a homonym, and it denotes the terrestrial and the sea dog; but the terrestrial has one definition and the sea dog another, since the nature is also one and the other. And they describe homonyms thus: Homonyms are those of which only the name is common, but the account of the substance corresponding to the name is different. Here he called "account" the definition and the description; and he said "corresponding to the name," indicating that the definition of the name itself, according to which they become homonyms, is different. For instance, the terrestrial and the sea dog are homonyms according to the name of dog; for if someone wishes to give the definition of the terrestrial dog and of the sea dog, by which each of them is called dog, he gives one definition to the terrestrial and another to the sea dog. But it is possible for them again to share in the definition and in the name; for both are called animals and accept the definition of animal, but they are not homonyms according to the name of animal but rather synonyms. And concerning homonyms, one must seek three things: whether it is among the homonyms and concerning how many meanings it bears and about which meaning the question has been raised. 33 Concerning synonyms. Synonyms are those things that share both in the name and in the definition or description of the same name, for instance, animal denotes both man and horse, and according to this name, that is, of animal, they are synonyms; for each of them accepts both the name and the definition of animal. And they describe synonyms thus: Synonyms are those of which both the name is common and the account of the substance corresponding to the name is the same. 34 Concerning polyonyms. Polyonyms are those things that share in the definition, but differ in the name, that is, when the same thing is called by many names, such as falchion, sword, spatha, dagger, xiphos; for all these names accept one definition, that is, a double-edged iron, which is, an iron sharpened on both sides. And they describe polyonyms thus: Many names said of one principal thing. 35 Concerning different things and heteronyms. But those things that differ in both, that is, in name and in definition, either have one underlying subject and are called heteronyms, as ascent and descent, for they have one underlying subject, the ladder, or they do not have one underlying subject and are called different, as substance and accident; for these have both a different name and a different description and do not have one underlying subject. And of both of these, of heteronyms and of different things, this is the description: Of which both the name and the definition are different. 36 Concerning paronyms. But there are some things between homonyms and synonyms, sharing and differing in both name and definition, which are called paronyms, as from grammar, grammarian; for they share in the name, but differ in the ending of the name, that is, the last syllable; and again they both share and differ in the definition, because grammar is knowledge, but the grammarian is a substance, in which the knowledge is. But paronyms are those things that, differing from something in case, that is, in the inflection of the name, have the appellation. But it is necessary to know that grammar and music are not paronyms, but the musician from music and the grammarian from

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ἐκάλεσαν οὐσίαν. Οἱ δὲ ἅγιοι πατέρες παρεάσαντες τὰς πολλὰς ἐρεσχελίας τὸ μὲν κοινὸν καὶ κατὰ πολλῶν λεγόμενον ἤγουν τὸ εἰδικώτατον εἶδος οὐσίαν καὶ φύσιν καὶ μορφὴν ἐκάλεσαν, οἷον ἄγγελον, ἄνθρωπον, ἵππον, κύνα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα· καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἡ οὐσία παρὰ τὸ εἶναι λέγεται, καὶ ἡ φύσις παρὰ τὸ πεφυκέναι, τὸ δὲ εἶναι καὶ πεφυκέναι ταὐτόν ἐστι· καὶ ἡ μορφὴ δὲ καὶ τὸ εἶδος τὸ αὐτὸ σημαίνει τῇ φύσει. Τὸ δὲ μερικὸν ἐκάλεσαν ἄτομον καὶ πρόσωπον καὶ ὑπόστασιν οἷον Πέτρος, Παῦλος. Ἡ δὲ ὑπόστασις θέλει ἔχειν οὐσίαν μετὰ συμβεβηκότων καὶ καθ' ἑαυτὴν ὑφίστασθαι καὶ αἰσθήσει ἤγουν ἐνεργείᾳ θεωρεῖσθαι. Ἀδύνατον δὲ δύο ὑποστάσεις μὴ διαφέρειν ἀλλήλων τοῖς συμβεβηκόσι καὶ ἀριθμῷ διαφέρειν ἀλλήλων. Χρὴ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὅτι τὰ χαρακτηριστικὰ ἰδιώματα τὰ συμβεβηκότα εἰσὶ τὰ χαρακτηρίζοντα τὴν ὑπόστασιν. 32 Περὶ ὁμωνύμων. Ὁμώνυμα μέν εἰσι τὰ τῷ ὀνόματι κοινωνοῦντα, τῷ δὲ ὁρισμῷ ἢ τῇ ὑπογραφῇ διαφέροντα. Οἷον τὸ κύων ὄνομα ὁμώνυμόν ἐστι, δηλοῖ δὲ τὸν χερσαῖον καὶ τὸν θαλάσσιον κύνα· ἕτερον δὲ ὁρισμὸν ἔχει ὁ χερσαῖος καὶ ἕτερον ὁ θαλάσσιος, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἑτέρα φύσις καὶ ἑτέρα. Ὑπογράφουσι δὲ τὰ ὁμώνυμα οὕτως· Ὁμώνυμά εἰσιν, ὧν ὄνομα μόνον κοινόν, ὁ δὲ κατὰ τοὔνομα λόγος τῆς οὐσίας ἕτερος. Λόγον ἐνταῦθα τὸν ὁρισμὸν εἶπε καὶ τὴν ὑπογραφήν· κατὰ τοὔνομα δὲ εἶπε δηλῶν ἕτερον εἶναι τὸν ὁρισμὸν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος, καθ' ὃν γίνονται ὁμώνυμα. Οἷον ὁ χερσαῖος καὶ ὁ θαλάσσιος κύων κατὰ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ κυνός εἰσιν ὁμώνυμοι· εἰ γὰρ θελήσει τις τὸν ὁρισμὸν τοῦ χερσαίου κυνὸς ἀποδοῦναι καὶ τοῦ θαλασσίου, καθ' ὃ κύων καλεῖται ἑκάτερος αὐτῶν, ἄλλον ὁρισμὸν ἀποδίδωσι τῷ χερσαίῳ καὶ τῷ θαλασσίῳ ἕτερον. Ἐνδέχεται δὲ αὐτοὺς καὶ κοινωνεῖν τῷ ὁρισμῷ πάλιν καὶ τῷ ὀνόματι· ζῷα γὰρ λέγονται ἀμφότερα καὶ τὸν ὁρισμὸν τοῦ ζῴου δέχονται, ἀλλ' οὔκ εἰσι κατὰ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ζῴου ὁμώνυμοι ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον συνώνυμοι. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ὁμωνύμων τρία δεῖ ζητεῖν· εἰ ἔστι τῶν ὁμωνύμων καὶ κατὰ πόσων σημαινομένων φέρεται καὶ περὶ ποίου σημαινομένου ἡ ἐρώτησις γέγονεν. 33 Περὶ συνωνύμου. Συνώνυμα δέ εἰσιν, ὅσα καὶ τῷ ὀνόματι καὶ τῷ ὁρισμῷ ἢ τῇ ὑπογραφῇ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ὀνόματος κοινωνοῦσιν, οἷον τὸ ζῷον δηλοῖ καὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ τὸν ἵππον, καὶ κατὰ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο ἤγουν τοῦ ζῴου συνώνυμοί εἰσιν· ἕκαστον γὰρ αὐτῶν καὶ τὸ ὄνομα καὶ τὸν ὁρισμὸν τοῦ ζῴου δέχεται. Ὑπογράφουσι δὲ τὰ συνώνυμα οὕτως· Συνώνυμά εἰσιν, ὧν τό τε ὄνομα κοινὸν καὶ ὁ κατὰ τοὔνομα λόγος τῆς οὐσίας ὁ αὐτός. 34 Περὶ πολυωνύμων. Πολυώνυμα δέ εἰσιν, ὅσα τῷ μὲν ὁρισμῷ κοινωνοῦσι, τῷ δὲ ὀνόματι διαφέρουσιν, ἤγουν ὅτε τὸ αὐτὸ πρᾶγμα πολλοῖς καλεῖται ὀνόμασιν οἷον φάσγανον, ἄορ, σπάθη, μάχαιρα, ξίφος· πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα ἕνα ὅρον ἐπιδέχονται, ἤγουν σίδηρος ἀμφήκης τουτέστιν σίδηρος ἀμφοτέρωθεν ἠκονημένος. Ὑπογράφουσι δὲ τὰ πολυώνυμα οὕτω· Πλεῖστα ὀνόματα καθ' ἑνὸς κυρίου λεγόμενα. 35 Περὶ ἑτέρων καὶ ἑτερωνύμων. Τὰ δὲ κατ' ἄμφω ἤγουν τῷ ὀνόματι καὶ τῷ ὁρισμῷ διαφέροντα ἢ ἓν ὑποκείμενον ἔχουσι καὶ λέγεται ἑτερώνυμα ὡς ἀνάβασις καὶ κατάβασις, ἔχουσι γὰρ ἓν ὑποκείμενον, τὴν κλίμακα, ἢ οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἓν ὑποκείμενον καὶ λέγονται ἕτερα ὡς οὐσία καὶ συμβεβηκός· ταῦτα γὰρ καὶ ἕτερον ὄνομα ἔχουσι καὶ ἑτέραν ὑπογραφὴν καὶ οὐδὲ ἔχουσιν ἓν ὑποκείμενον. Τούτων δὲ ἀμφοτέρων, τῶν τε ἑτερωνύμων καὶ τῶν ἑτέρων, ὑπογραφὴ αὕτη· Ὧν τό τε ὄνομα καὶ ὁ ὅρος ἕτερος. 36 Περὶ παρωνύμων. Εἰσὶ δέ τινα μέσον τῶν ὁμωνύμων καὶ συνωνύμων, κοινωνοῦντα καὶ διαφέροντα τῷ τε ὀνόματι καὶ τῷ ὅρῳ, ἅτινα λέγονται παρώνυμα, ὡς ἀπὸ τῆς γραμματικῆς γραμματικός· κοινωνοῦσι γὰρ τῷ ὀνόματι, διαφέρουσι δὲ κατὰ τὴν λῆξιν τοῦ ὀνόματος ἤγουν τὴν τελευταίαν συλλαβήν· καὶ πάλιν τῷ ὅρῳ κοινωνοῦσί τε καὶ διαφέρουσιν, ὅτι ἡ μὲν γραμματικὴ γνῶσίς ἐστιν, ὁ δὲ γραμματικὸς οὐσία, ἐν ᾗ ἡ γνῶσις. Παρώνυμα δέ εἰσιν, ὅσα ἀπό τινος διαφέροντα τῇ πτώσει ἤγουν τῇ κλίσει τοῦ ὀνόματος τὴν προσηγορίαν ἔχει. ∆εῖ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὡς ἡ γραμματικὴ καὶ ἡ μουσικὴ οὔκ εἰσι παρώνυμα, ἀλλ' ὁ μουσικὸς ἐκ τῆς μουσικῆς καὶ ὁ γραμματικὸς ἐκ