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And Marius indeed at first prevailed over Sulla's forces, but with Fortune striving to destroy each of them, now Sulla, now Marius was victorious; but the end for both was destruction. For Marius, having been defeated, was cut into small pieces by Sulla, and Sulla, after his victory, gushed forth worms and, having gained nothing else from his victory except the title of Fortunate, perished. But while Sulla was still alive, Pompey approached him, both emulated him and became his son-in-law, taking Antistia his granddaughter in marriage, and he was entirely his man. But Caesar, being at enmity from the beginning with Pompey, after the death of his daughter Julia, whom he had happened to give to Pompey in marriage, embraced the opposite side and honored Marius and was led by his ways. Therefore both rushed against each other as if heirs of the tyrants, with every nation toward the rising sun taking Pompey's side, and all the barbarians who dwelt toward the setting sun and the north taking Caesar's side, along with the soldiery; and the rest is clear. 2 Caesar rules over all and, celebrating a triumph over three hundred captive kings, having come up to Rome, not of a king—for what could be greater?— or at any rate he disdained to accept the title of monarch, but sought some other honor unknown even to Fortune. For as he was being carried from the Capitol after the triumph to the senate, when one of the men in authority of the 84 army ran out and placed a crown on him as he feigned ignorance, he himself took it and threw it away in anger, supposing it an insult to be called king, he who had brought so many kings into servitude and had captured Fortune herself. Thus, being sated with his successes, he deigned with difficulty to be styled at once god and high priest and consul and monarch for ever and first of the Romans, and procurator of the kings everywhere and master of the horse and father of his country and general and guardian of the city and first of the tribunes, donning a robe signifying all these things. And its name was triumphal—for it was not easy to find so meaningful a name for the robe—and it was a tunic, of purple on the inside, but all gold on the outside, as if the gold had been beaten out; and a loros on top; for so the Romans are pleased to call the gold-beaten shoulder-piece. From that time, the custom has prevailed for the Roman emperors to wear this robe whenever they celebrate a triumph over captive kings; and this was clearly demonstrated among us when God presented Gelimer, king of the Vandals and of Libya, as a captive with his whole nation to our empire. For it was not fitting for the victor to be of like attire as the vanquished who was clothed in purple. While Fortune for a three-year period amused Caesar with such airs of pride, nature convinced him that he was a man. 3 And after him Octavian, his nephew by his sister Atia, and his adopted son, succeeding to the imperial honor, professedly, piously showing moderation, declined to be called a god, but rather divine; and this dignity was conferred on all those after him. For the one belongs to those who are so by nature, but the other to those who are so by adoption, conferred on emperors for the sake of honor or rather of blasphemous flattery. But to use the insignia which the great Caesar had, he was not for a time able; first, because he had as partners in power Antony and Lepidus, and being very young and wearing the so-called bulla among the Romans, which is like a pebble, 86 he was deemed worthy of the title of Caesar. Whence even now for those promoted to the imperial office the symbols of it are not bestowed before the authorities of the army, having placed a torque around his neck, declare him to be worthy of the imperial office, showing him to be a Caesar, just like the young Caesar, and worthy of the honor and title of the first Caesar. For just as it is customary for the Persians to promote to the kingship for themselves one born of a king, so it was for the Romans of old to entrust the power not to any chance person but only to those descending from the line of Caesar. Therefore the young Caesar was in a middle position, having neither taken hold of the whole of the

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καὶ Μάριος μὲν ἐν προοιμίοις τῶν Σύλλου ἐκράτει δυνάμεων, τῆς δὲ Τύχης ἑκάτερον διαφθεῖραι σπουδαζούσης, νῦν μὲν ὁ Σύλλας, νῦν δὲ ὁ Μάριος ἐκράτει· πέρας δὲ ἑκατέροις ὄλεθρος. Μάριος μὲν γὰρ ἐλαττωθεὶς εἰς τεμάχη λεπτὰ πρὸς τοῦ Σύλλου κατετμήθη, Σύλλας δὲ μετὰ τὴν νίκην σκώληκας ἀναβλύσας καὶ ἕτερον οὐδὲν παρὰ τὴν Εὐτυχοῦς προσηγορίαν ἐκ τῆς νίκης λαβὼν ἀπεφθάρη. περιόντι δὲ ἔτι τῷ Σύλλᾳ προσπελάσας ὁ Πομπήϊος ἐζήλου τε αὐτὸν καὶ γαμβρὸς ἐγένετο, Ἀντιστίαν τὴν ἐγγόνην αὐτοῦ πρὸς γάμον ἑλών, καὶ ὅλος ἦν ἐκείνου. νοσῶν δὲ Καῖσαρ ἐξ ἀρχῆς πρὸς Πομπήϊον, Ἰουλίας ἤδη τῆς αὐτοῦ θυγατρὸς τελευτησάσης, ἣν ἔτυχε πρὸς γάμον Πομπηΐῳ δούς, τὴν ἐναντίαν ἠσπάσατο καὶ Μάριον ἐτίμα καὶ τοῖς αὐτοῦ τρόποις ἀπήγετο. συγχέονται οὖν ἄμφω κατ' ἀλλήλων ὡς εἰ κληρονόμοι τῶν τυράννων, ἔθνους μὲν παντὸς ὅσον ἦν πρὸς ἀνίσχοντα ἥλιον, Πομπηΐῳ, βαρβάρων δὲ πάντων ὅσοι πρὸς δύνοντα ἥλιον καὶ τὴν ἄρκτον ἐνέμοντο, τῷ Καίσαρι ἅμα τῷ στρατιωτικῷ συναιρομένων· καὶ δῆλα τὰ λοιπά. 2 Κρατεῖ δὲ τῶν ὅλων ὁ Καῖσαρ καὶ ἐπὶ τριακοσίοις αἰχμαλώτοις θριαμβεύων βασιλεῦσιν ἀναβὰς εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην οὐ βασιλέως τί δ' ἂν εἴη μεῖζον; ἤ γ' οὖν μονάρχου τινὸς ὑπέμεινεν ὑπελθεῖν προσηγορίαν, ἄλλην δέ τινα καὶ τῇ Τύχῃ ἠγνοημένην ἐζήτει τιμήν. ὡς γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ Καπιτωλίου μετὰ τὸν θρίαμβον ἐπὶ τὴν βουλὴν ἐφέρετο, ἐκδραμόντος τινὸς τῶν ἐν τέλει τῆς 84 στρατιᾶς καὶ στέφανον ἀγνοοῦντι περιθεμένου, λαβὼν αὐτὸς ἔρριψεν ἀγανακτῶν, ὡς ὕβριν ὑπομένειν ὑπολαβὼν εἰ βασιλεὺς χρηματίσοι ὁ τοσούτους βασιλέας εἰς δουλείαν ὑπαγαγὼν καὶ αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν Τύχην ἑλών. οὕτως ἐμφορηθεὶς ταῖς εὐπραγίαις ἠξίωσε μόλις θεός τε ἅμα καὶ ἀρχιερεὺς καὶ ὕπατος καὶ μόναρχος ἐς ἀεὶ καὶ Ῥωμαίων μὲν πρῶτος, ἐπίτροπος δὲ τῶν ἁπανταχοῦ βασιλέων καὶ ἵππαρχος καὶ πατὴρ πατρίδος καὶ στρατηγὸς καὶ φύλαξ πόλεως καὶ πρῶτος δημάρχων χρηματίσαι, στολὴν ταῦτα πάντα σημαίνουσαν ὑποδύς. καὶ ὄνομα μὲν αὐτῇ τριουμφάλια οὐδὲ γὰρ ἦν εὔπορον οὕτω πολυσήμαντον ἐξευρεῖν τῇ στολῇ προσηγορίαν, χιτὼν δὲ ἦν, ἔνδον μὲν ἐκ πορφύρας, ἔξωθεν δὲ χρυσὸς ὅλος, ὥσπερ ἐλασθέντος διεστηκὼς τοῦ χρυσοῦ· καὶ λῶρος ἄνωθεν· οὕτω δὲ τὴν χρυσήλατον ἐπωμίδα Ῥωμαίοις ἀρέσκει καλεῖν. ταύτην τὴν στολὴν ἔθος ἐκράτησεν ἐξ ἐκείνου τοὺς Ῥωμαίων αὐτοκράτορας ἀμπέχεσθαι ὅταν ἐπὶ βασιλεῦσιν αἰχμαλώτοις θριαμβεύσωσιν· καὶ τοῦτο δῆλον ἐν ἡμῖν ἀπεδείχθη ὅτε Γελίμερα τῶν Βανδίλων καὶ Λιβύης βασιλέα πανεθνεὶ θεὸς αἰχμάλωτον τῇ καθ' ἡμᾶς παρεστήσατο βασιλείᾳ. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἦν ὁμοσχήμονα τὸν νικητὴν πορφύραν περικειμένῳ γίνεσθαι τῷ κρατηθέντι. τοιούτοις τὸν Καίσαρα τῆς Τύχης ἐπὶ τριετῆ χρόνον διαπαιζούσης φρυάγμασιν, ἡ φύσις ἔπεισεν ἄνθρωπον εἶναι. 3 Ὀκταβιανὸς δὲ μετ' αὐτόν, ἀδελφιδοῦς ἐξ Ἀτίας τοὔνομα τῆς ἀδελφῆς αὐτῷ γενόμενος καὶ θετὸς παῖς, διαδεξάμενος τὴν αὐτοκράτορα τιμήν, θεὸς μὲν δῆθεν εὐσεβῶς μετριάζων ὀνομάζεσθαι παρῃτεῖτο, θεῖος δὲ μᾶλλον· καὶ τοῦτο πᾶσι τοῖς μετ' αὐτὸν τὸ ἀξίωμα περιετέθη. τὸ μὲν γὰρ τῶν φύσει πεφυκότων ἐστίν, τὸ δὲ τῶν θέσει, τιμῆς ἢ μᾶλλον βλασφήμου κολακείας χάριν τοῖς βασιλεῦσι περιτιθέμενον. τοῖς δὲ ἐπισήμοις χρήσασθαι, οἷς Καῖσαρ ὁ μέγας, τέως οὐκ ἔσχεν· πρῶτον μέν, ὅτι κοινωνοὺς εἶχε τῆς ἀρχῆς Ἀντώνιον καὶ Λέπιδον, νέος δὲ ὢν κομιδῇ καὶ τὴν λεγομένην παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις βοῦλλαν, οἷον εἰ ψῆφον, φορῶν, 86 τῆς Καίσαρος ἠξιοῦτο προσηγορίας. ὅθεν ἔτι καὶ νῦν τοῖς εἰς βασιλείαν προαγομένοις οὐ πρότερον τὰ ταύτης ἐπιτίθεται σύμβολα πρὶν στρεπτὸν τῷ τραχήλῳ περιθέντες αὐτῷ οἱ ἐν τέλει τῆς στρατιᾶς ἄξιον εἶναι τῆς βασιλείας ἀποφήνωσιν, Καίσαρα δεικνύντες αὐτὸν καθάπερ τὸν νέον Καίσαρα καὶ τῆς τοῦ πρώτου Καίσαρος ἄξιον τιμῆς τε καὶ προσηγορίας. ὥσπερ γὰρ Πέρσαις ἐστὶ νόμιμον τὸν ἐκ βασιλέως τεχθέντα προάγειν ἑαυτοῖς εἰς βασιλείαν, οὕτω Ῥωμαίοις τοῖς τὸ πάλαι μὴ τῷ τυχόντι ἀλλὰ μόνοις τοῖς ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος σειρᾶς κατιοῦσιν ἐγχειρίζειν τὸ κράτος. μέσος οὖν ἦν ὁ νέος Καῖσαρ, μήτε τῆς ὅλης ἐπειλημμένος τοῦ