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most suitable for kings; for he held irresponsible power over all things, and an authority equal to a tyrant's in the established time. Accordingly, Gaius Caesar first, and after him Augustus Octavius, whom we shall mention later in their own times, determined to take up the monarchy under this name. 46 Ibid.: That civil strife was also inflamed in the city, the people having been provoked to be hostile toward the senate, and having seceded from the city with arms, and no longer wishing either to live with or to share in the contests with the nobles, unless they should be released from their debts, and from then on be permitted to use their own judges, as an aid to the common and humble multitude, who would help those oppressed unjustly by the powerful, and would keep the bodies of the many free. Therefore, those in power, fearing that in this situation some revolutionary act might be committed by their neighbors, since the people were hostile and not obedient to the armies abroad, they devise the things to be asked for ** and reconciliations on these terms. 47 Ibid.: That when Poplius and Valerius again succeeded to the office, the civil tempest in the city was rekindled, as the people rose up in sedition against the patricians. And first, having embraced Caesar from **, he drove the onlookers to pity; then the Sabines also incited Serdonius to tyranny, who met with a swift overthrow, as the people were won over and cooperated with the consuls. 48 Exc. De virt.: That Quintus Cincinnatus the dictator had both contended in many campaigns before, and had often been adorned with Roman offices and honors. But he was so moderate and prudent as to live in a wretched hut and on a small measure of land, and to love the life of a farmer. When he was appointed dictator, he happened to be laboring at the plough, when those who brought the insignia of the office came to him; and having washed himself and received the symbols * before a feast, with his own force he falls upon the enemies, and having wrought a great slaughter of the adversaries, he returns on the sixteenth day after his departure, having freed his own people from the surrounding danger, and having plundered the camp of the enemy; and he leads the general of the Aequi as a prisoner in the triumphal procession. 49 Suidas v. Celts: "That Celts campaigned against the Romans. A certain man of the Celts, a leader, comely in body and most valiant in spirit, coming forth from his own host, challenged the best of the enemy to single combat. And a certain Valerius, a leader of a phalanx, undertook the contest, and by some divine fate the plan turned out according to his intention. For when he came forth from his own ranks armed, a raven perched on the man's right arm; and flying against the face of the Celt during the fight, and scratching his face with its talons and covering his eyes with its wings, it delivered the enemy unguarded to Valerius; at once bestowing upon the man both the victory and the surname from the event. For from this he was called Corvinus, and on account of his attested valor, contrary to the established laws for the Romans, he obtained the consular office while still a youth." 50 Exc. De virt.: That Marcellus and Scipio the consuls after the victory against the Gauls **-At the same time they also freed the Volsinians, who had been overcome by treachery and were being cruelly abused. For the inhabitants of this country, living in great bodily luxury, both disdained arms themselves and allowed their servants to handle them. And when they got hold of power, first they violently dishonored their own mistresses; then laying hands on their masters, they destroyed some as it happened, and consumed others by subjecting them to the most shameful punishments. 51 Ibid.: That Marcus Minucius Rufus and Publius Cornelius the consuls also, upon the Istrians committing mischief, the

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βασιλεῦσι προσφερέστατος· ἀνυπεύθυνόν τε γὰρ τῶν ὅλων εἶχε τὸ κράτος, καὶ ἰσοτύραννον ἐν τῷ καθεστηκότι χρόνῳ τὴν ἐξουσίαν. Τοιγαροῦν Γάϊος Καῖσαρ πρότερον, καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον Αὔγουστος Ὀκταούιος, ὧν ὕστερον κατὰ τοὺς οἰκείους χρόνους μνημονεύσομεν, ὑπὸ τῷδε ὀνόματι τῆς μοναρχίας ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι διέγνωσαν. 46 Ibid.: Ὅτι καὶ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ἐμφύλιος ἀνεφλέγετο ταραχὴ, τοῦ δήμου πρὸς τὸ συνέδριον ἀπεχθῶς ἔχειν ἠρεθισμένου, ἀποστάντος δὲ σὺν ὅπλοις τῆς πόλεως, καὶ οὔτε συνοικεῖν ἔτι οὔτε κοινωνεῖν τῶν ἀγώνων βουλομένου τοῖς εὐπατρίδαις, εἰ μὴ τῶν τ' ὀφλημάτων ἀπολυθείη, καὶ δικασταῖς χρῆσθαι τὸ ἐντεῦθεν οἰκείοις ἐπιτραπείη, ὡς ἐπικουρίαν τοῦ δημοτικοῦ τε καὶ εὐτελοῦς ὄχλου, οἳ τοῖς παρὰ τὸ προσῆκον ὑπὸ τῶν δυνατῶν κατειργομένοις ἀρήξοιεν, καὶ τῶν πολλῶν ἐλεύθερα διαφυλάξαιεν τὰ σώματα. ∆είσαντες δὲ οὖν οἱ ἐν τέλει, μὴ ἐν τούτῳ τι πρὸς τῶν περιοίκων νεωτερισθείη, τοῦ δήμου πολεμίου τε ὄντος καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἔξω στρατιὰς οὐχ ὑπακούοντος, τὰ ἐξαιτησόμενα ** καὶ διαλλαγὰς ἐπὶ τούτοις εὑρίσκονται. 47 Ibid.: Ὅτι Ποπλίου αὖθις καὶ Βαλερίου τὴν ἀρχὴν διαδεξαμένων, ἥ(τε) κατὰ πόλιν ἐμφύλιος ἀνάπτεται ζάλη, τοῦ δήμου πρὸς τοὺς πατρικίους στασιάζοντος. Καὶ πρῶτον μὲν Καίσαρα τὸν ἀπὸ ** περιπλεξάμενος εἰς οἶκτον τοὺς ὁρῶντας συνήλασεν· ἔπειτα καὶ Σαβῖνοι Σερδώνιον πρὸς τυραννίδα ἐκίνησαν, ὃς ταχείας ἔτυχε καθαιρέσεως, θεραπευθέντος τοῦ δήμου καὶ τοῖς ὑπάτοις συμπράξαντος. 48 Exc. De virt.: Ὅτι Κύντιος Κικιννάτος ὁ δικτάτωρ πολλαῖς μὲν καὶ πρότερον ἐνήθλησε στρατιαῖς, ἀρχαῖς τε καὶ τιμαῖς Ῥωμαϊκαῖς πολλάκις κεκοσμημένος. Οὕτω δὲ ἦν μέτριος καὶ σώφρων, ὡς ἐπὶ καλύβῃ λυπρᾷ καὶ ὀλίγῳ γῆς μέτρῳ ζῆν, τὸν αὐτοῦργόν τε ἀγαπᾶν βίον. Ὃς δικτάτωρ προβαλλόμενος ἔτυχε πρὸς ἀρότρῳ πονούμενος, ὅτε ἀφίκοντο πρὸς αὐτὸν οἱ τὰ παράσημα τῆς ἀρχῆς κομίζοντες· ἀπονιψάμενός τε καὶ δεξάμενος τὰ σύμβολα * πρὸ ἑστιάσεως ἅμα τῇ οἰκείᾳ δυνάμει τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐπιγίνεται φόνον τε πολὺν τῶν ἐναντίων ἐργασάμενος ἐπάνεισιν ἑκκαιδεκάτῃ μετὰ τὴν ἔξοδον ἡμέρᾳ, τοὺς μὲν οἰκείους τοῦ περιστάντος κινδύνου λυσάμενος, τὸν δὲ τῶν πολεμίων διαρπάσας χάρακα· καὶ τὸν στρατηγὸν τῶν Ἐκανῶν δέσμιον ἐπὶ τὴν πομπὴν κατάγει τὴν ἐπινίκιον. 49 Suidas v. Κελτοί: «Ὅτι Κελτοὶ κατὰ Ῥωμαίων ἐστράτευσαν. Ἀνὴρ δέ τις τῶν Κελτῶν ἡγεμονικὸς, τό τε σῶμα εὐπρεπὴς καὶ τὸν θυμὸν ἀλκιμώτατος, προελθὼν τοῦ οἰκείου πλήθους ἐς μονομαχίαν προὐκαλεῖτο τῶν ἐναντίων τὸν ἄριστον. Βαλέριος δέ τις ἡγεμὼν φάλαγγος ὑπέστη τὸ ἀγώνισμα, καὶ θείᾳ δέ τινι μοίρᾳ κατὰ γνώμην ἀποβάντος ἔτυχε τοῦ βουλεύματος. Ἐπεὶ γὰρ προῆλθε τοῦ οἰκείου τάγματος ὁπλισάμενος, κόραξ προσιζάνει τῷ δεξιῷ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς βραχίονι· ἀντιπρόσωπος δὲ τῷ Κελτῷ κατὰ τὸν ἀγῶνα φερόμενος, καὶ τοῖς τε ὄνυξιν ἀμύττων τὸ πρόσωπον καὶ τοῖς πτέρυξιν ἐπικαλύπτων τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἀφύλακτον τῷ Βαλερίῳ τὸν πολέμιον παραδέδωκεν· ὁμοῦ τήν τε νίκην τῷ ἀνδρὶ καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος ἐπωνυμίαν χαρισάμενος. Κορβῖνος γὰρ δὴ τοὐντεῦθεν ἐπεκλήθη, τῆς τε μαρτυρηθείσης ἀρετῆς ἕνεκα παρὰ τὰ καθεστηκότα Ῥωμαίοις νόμιμα τῆς ὑπατικῆς ἀρχῆς ἔτι μειράκιον ὢν τυγχάνει.» 50 Exc. De virt.: Ὅτι Μάρκελλος καὶ Σκιπίων οἱ ὕπατοι μετὰ τὴν νίκην τὴν κατὰ Γαλατῶν **-Κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν καὶ Οὐολσινίους δόλῳ κρατηθέντας τε καὶ αἰκιζομένους πικρῶς ἠλευθέρωσαν. Οἱ γὰρ ταύτην οἰκοῦντες τὴν χώραν, ἐν πολλῇ τρυφῇ τοῦ σώματος διαιτώμενοι, αὐτοί τε τῶν ὅπλων καταφρονήσαντες τοῖς οἰκέταις ταῦτα χειρίζειν ἐπέτρεψαν. Ἐπειδὰν δὲ δυνάμεως ἐπελάβοντο, πρῶτα μὲν τὰς ἑαυτῶν δεσποίνας πρὸς βίαν κατῄσχυναν· ἔπειτα τοῖς δεσπόταις χεῖρας ἐπιβαλόντες τοὺς μὲν ὡς ἔτυχε διαφθείροντες, τοὺς δὲ τιμωρίαις αἰσχίσταις ὑποβαλόντες κατηνάλωσαν. 51 Ibid.: Ὅτι καὶ Μάρκος Μινούκιος Ῥοῦφος καὶ Πόπλιος Κορνήλιος οἱ ὕπατοι Ἰστριανοῖς κακουργοῦσι τὰς