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of Nyses and the one called Chremetes, and in addition still the Nile, which does not even resemble rivers in its nature, when it floods Egypt like a sea. Thus the place of our inhabited world is surrounded by water, bound by immense seas and watered by countless perennial rivers, through the ineffable wisdom of Him who ordained that the nature which is the rival of fire should be difficult to consume. There will be a time, however, when all things will be scorched by fire, as Isaiah says when he speaks with the God of all: Who says to the deep, Be desolate, and I will dry up all your rivers. Therefore, having cast away the wisdom that has been made foolish, receive with us the teaching of truth, which is plain in its language, but unerring in its knowledge. 3.7 For this reason: Let there be a firmament in the midst of the water, and let it divide the water from the water. It has been said what is signified in Scripture by the name "firmament." That it does not call "firmament" that which is resistant and solid in nature, having weight and resistance. Or in that case the earth would more properly have been thought worthy of such a name. But because the nature of the things above is fine and rarefied and not perceptible by any sense, it called this a firmament, in comparison with the finest things which are imperceptible to the senses. And understand for me a certain place that separates the fluid: letting the fine and filtered part go up above, and leaving the thickest and most earthy part below, so that from beginning to end the same good mixture might be preserved, as the removal of the fluids happens in part. But you disbelieve in the quantity of water, yet you do not look at the quantity of heat, which, even if it is small in size, is able to consume much moisture because of its power. For it draws up the adjacent moisture, as the cupping-glass shows; and it is destructive of what is drawn up, in the likeness of the fire of a lamp, which, having drawn up its adjacent fuel through the wick, quickly turns it to soot through the transformation. And who doubts that the ether is fiery and burning hot? which, if it were not restrained by the necessary boundary of its Maker, what would have prevented it, setting all things ablaze and burning up what is next to it, from consuming at once all the moisture in existing things? For this reason, there is aerial water, as the upper region becomes cloudy from the rising of the vapors which rivers, and springs, and marshes, and lakes, and all seas send forth, so that the ether might not seize everything by setting it on fire; seeing that we also observe this sun, in the summer season, leaving a place that is often soaked and marshy completely moistureless and dry in the briefest moment of time. Where then is that water? Let those clever in all things show us. Is it not clear to everyone that it was cut through and consumed by the heat of the sun? And yet they say that the sun is not even hot; so much do they have to say. And see on what kind of proof they rely as they go against what is evident. Because it is white, they say, in color, and not reddish, nor yellow, for this reason its nature is not fiery; but even its heat, they say, comes from its swift rotation. What are they arranging for themselves from this? That the sun might seem to consume none of the liquids. But I, even if what is said is not true, still do not reject it, as it helps build my argument. For it was said that the abundance of waters is necessary because of the consumption by heat. And it makes no difference whether it is hot by nature, or has its heat from an effect, with respect to producing the same results upon the same matter. For whether pieces of wood rubbed against each other ignite fire and flame, or are burned up by a kindled flame, the end from both is equal and similar. And yet we see the great wisdom of the one who governs all things, moving the sun from one place to another, so that it might not, by always lingering in the same places, ruin the order of things by an excess of heat; but now leading it towards the southern part at the winter solstice, and now moving it to the equinoctial points,

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Νύσης καὶ ὁ καλούμενος Χρεμέτης, καὶ πρός γε ἔτι ὁ Νεῖλος, ὃς οὐδὲ ποταμοῖς τὴν φύσιν ἔοικεν, ὅταν ἴσα θαλάσσῃ πελαγίζῃ τὴν Αἴγυπτον. Οὕτως ὁ τῆς καθ' ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένης τόπος ὕδατι περιείληπται, πελάγεσί τε ἀπλέτοις ἐνδεδεμένος καὶ μυρίοις ποταμοῖς ἀεννάοις κατάρρυτος, διὰ τὴν ἄρρητον σοφίαν τοῦ τὴν ἀντίπαλον τῷ πυρὶ φύσιν δυσεξανάλωτον εἶναι οἰκονομήσαντος. Ἔσται μέντοι ὅτε καὶ πάντα καταφρυ γήσεται τῷ πυρὶ, ὥς φησιν Ἡσαΐας ἐν οἷς πρὸς τὸν τῶν ὅλων Θεὸν διαλέγεται· Ὁ λέγων τῇ ἀβύσσῳ, ἐρημωθήσῃ, καὶ πάντας τοὺς ποταμούς σου ξηρανῶ. Ὥστε ἀπορρίψας τὴν μωρανθεῖσαν σοφίαν, κατάδεξαι μεθ' ἡμῶν τὸ διδασκάλιον τῆς ἀληθείας, ἰδιωτικὸν μὲν τῷ λόγῳ, ἀδιάπτωτον δὲ κατὰ τὴν γνῶσιν. 3.7 ∆ιὰ τοῦτο Γενηθήτω στερέωμα ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ ὕδατος, καὶ ἔστω διαχωρίζον ἀνὰ μέσον ὕδατος καὶ ὕδατος. Εἴρηται τί τὸ σημαινόμενον παρὰ τῇ Γραφῇ τὸ τοῦ στερεώματος ὄνομα. Ὅτι οὐχὶ τὴν ἀντίτυπον καὶ στερέμνιον φύσιν, τὴν ἔχουσαν βάρος καὶ ἀντέρεισιν, οὐ ταύτην λέγει στερέωμα. Ἢ οὕτω ἂν κυριώτερον ἡ γῆ τῆς τοιαύτης κλήσεως ἠξιώθη. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν φύσιν τῶν ὑπερκειμένων λεπτὴν οὖσαν καὶ ἀραιὰν καὶ οὐδεμιᾷ αἰσθήσει καταληπτὴν, στερέωμα τοῦτο ὠνόμασε, συγκρίσει τῶν λεπτοτάτων καὶ τῇ αἰσθήσει ἀκαταλήπτων. Καὶ νόει μοι τόπον τινὰ διακριτικὸν τοῦ ὑγροῦ· τὸ μὲν λεπτὸν καὶ διηθούμενον ἐπὶ τὰ ἄνω διιέντα, τὸ δὲ παχύτατον καὶ γεῶδες ἐναφιέντα τοῖς κάτω, ἵν' ἐξ ἀρχῆς μέχρι τέλους ἡ αὐτὴ εὐκρασία συντηρηθῇ, κατὰ μέρος τῆς ὑφαιρέσεως τῶν ὑγρῶν γινομένης. Σὺ δὲ τῷ μὲν πλήθει τοῦ ὕδατος ἀπιστεῖς, πρὸς δὲ τοῦ θερμοῦ τὸ πλῆθος οὐκ ἀποβλέπεις· ὃ κἂν ὀλίγον ᾖ τῷ μεγέθει, πολλῆς ἐστι διὰ τὴν δύναμιν ἀναλωτικὸν ὑγρασίας. Ἐφέλκεται μὲν γὰρ τὸ παρακείμενον ὑγρὸν, ὡς δηλοῖ ἡ σικύα· δαπανητικὸν δέ ἐστι τοῦ ἑλκυσθέντος κατὰ τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ λυχνιαίου πυρὸς, ὃ διὰ τῆς θρυαλλίδος τὴν παρακειμένην τροφὴν ἐπισπασά μενον, ταχέως διὰ τῆς μεταβολῆς ἀπῃθάλωσε. Τὸν δὲ αἰθέρα τίς ἀμφιβάλλει μὴ οὐχὶ πυρώδη εἶναι καὶ διακαῆ; ὃς εἰ μὴ τῷ ἀναγκαίῳ τοῦ ποιήσαντος αὐτὸν ὅρῳ κατείχετο, τί ἂν ἐκώλυσεν αὐτὸν πάντα φλογίζοντα καὶ καταπιμπρῶντα τὰ συνεχῆ, πᾶσαν ὁμοῦ τὴν ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν ἐξαναλῶσαι νοτίδα; ∆ιὰ ταῦτα ὕδωρ ἀέριον, νεφουμένου τοῦ ἄνω τόπου ἐκ τῆς ἀναφορᾶς τῶν ἀτμῶν, οὓς ποταμοὶ, καὶ κρῆναι, καὶ τενάγη, καὶ λίμναι, καὶ πελάγη πάντα προΐενται, ὡς ἂν μὴ πάντα πυρακτῶν ὁ αἰθὴρ ἐπιλάβοι· ὅπου γε καὶ τὸν ἥλιον τοῦτον ὁρῶμεν, ὥρᾳ θέρους διάβροχον πολλάκις καὶ τεναγώδη χώραν ἐν βραχυτάτῃ χρόνου ῥοπῇ ἄνικμον παντελῶς καὶ ξηρὰν καταλιμπάνοντα. Ποῦ τοίνυν ἐκεῖνο τὸ ὕδωρ; ∆εικνύ τωσαν ἡμῖν οἱ τὰ πάντα δεινοί. Ἆρ' οὐχὶ παντὶ δῆλον, ὅτι τῇ θερμότητι τοῦ ἡλίου διατμηθὲν ἀνηλώθη; Καίτοιγε οὐδὲ θερμὸν εἶναι τὸν ἥλιον ἐκεῖνοι λέγουσι· τοσοῦτον αὐτοῖς τοῦ λέγειν περίεστι. Καὶ σκοπεῖτε ποταπῇ ἀποδείξει ἐπερειδόμενοι πρὸς τὴν ἐνάργειαν ἀντιβαίνουσιν. Ἐπειδὴ λευκός ἐστι, φασὶ, τὴν χροίαν, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ ὑπέρυθρος, οὐδὲ ξανθὸς, τούτου ἕνεκεν οὐδὲ πυρώδης τὴν φύσιν· ἀλλὰ καὶ τούτου φασὶ τὸ θερμὸν ἐκ τῆς ταχείας εἶναι περιστροφῆς. Τί ἐντεῦθεν ἑαυτοῖς διοικούμενοι; Ὡς μηδὲν δόξαι τῶν ὑγρῶν ἀπαναλίσκειν τὸν ἥλιον. Ἐγὼ δὲ κἂν μὴ ἀληθὲς ᾖ τὸ λεγόμενον, ἀλλ' ὡς συγκατασκευάζον ἐμοὶ τὸν λόγον οὐκ ἀπωθοῦμαι. Ἐλέγετο γὰρ, διὰ τὴν ἐκ τοῦ θερμοῦ δαπάνην ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι τῶν ὑδάτων τὸ πλῆθος. ∆ιαφέρει δὲ οὐδὲν, ἐκ φύσεως εἶναι θερμὸν, ἢ ἐκ πάθους ἔχειν τὴν πύρωσιν πρός γε τὸ τὰ αὐτὰ συμπτώματα περὶ τὰς αὐτὰς ὕλας ἀπογεννᾶν. Ἐάν τε γὰρ τριβόμενα ξύλα πρὸς ἄλληλα πῦρ καὶ φλόγα ἀνάψῃ, ἐάν τε ἐκ φλογὸς ἀναπτομένης κατακαυθῇ, ἴσον ἐστὶ καὶ παραπλήσιον ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων τὸ τέλος. Καίτοιγε ὁρῶμεν τὴν μεγάλην τοῦ τὰ πάντα κυβερνῶντος σοφίαν, μετατιθεῖσαν τὸν ἥλιον ἐξ ἑτέρων εἰς ἕτερα, ἵνα μὴ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἀεὶ προσδιατρίβων, τῇ πλεονεξίᾳ τοῦ θερμοῦ λυμήνηται τὴν διακόσμησιν· ἀλλὰ νῦν μὲν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸ νότιον μέρος κατὰ τὰς χειμερινὰς τροπὰς ἀπάγοντα, νῦν δὲ ἐπὶ τὰ ἰσημερινὰ σημεῖα μετατιθέντα,