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they say. But we, not only inside the body and the heart, but we also send the mind itself back into itself.

Therefore let them who say, “how could one send the mind, which is not separate but inherent in the soul, back inside?” make their accusation. For they are ignorant, as it seems, that the essence of the mind is one thing, and its energy is another; or rather, knowing this, they have willingly aligned themselves with the deceivers, employing sophistry through the use of the same word. “For not accepting the simplicity of spiritual teaching, those who are sharpened for contradictions by dialectics,” according to Basil the Great, “overthrow the power of the truth by the oppositions of falsely so-called knowledge with the plausible reasoning of sophisms. For such must be those who are not spiritual and yet deem themselves worthy to judge and to teach spiritual things. For surely this has not escaped them, that the mind is not like the sight, which sees other visible things but does not see itself; but it both acts upon other things, which it needs to (p. 130) examine—which the great Dionysius calls the straight motion of the mind—and it returns to itself and acts within itself, when the mind sees itself; and this, in turn, the same author calls its circular motion. This is the superior and most particular energy of the mind, through which, at times, going beyond itself, it is united with God. “For the mind,” he says, “not being scattered to things outside” (do you see that it goes out? Going out, therefore, it needs to return; wherefore he says) “returns to itself, and through itself to God” as it ascends by an unerring path. For such a movement of the mind, that unerring beholder of intelligible things, Dionysius, says it is impossible to fall into any error.

Therefore the father of error, always desiring to lead man away from this and to lead him toward what contains his errors, has not yet, even today, as far as we know, found a collaborator striving through fair-seeming words to draw him to this. But now, as it seems, he has found those who assist him, if, as you yourself said, there are those who even compose arguments leading to these things and attempt to persuade the many that it is better to keep the mind outside the body while praying, even those who embrace the transcendent and quiet life, not even revering that which John, who constructed for us in words the ladder leading to heaven, definitively and declaratively stated, that “a hesychast is one who strives to confine the incorporeal within a body,” with which what our spiritual fathers also taught us is in accord. Reasonably so, for if he does not confine it within the body, how could he make his own that which is joined to the body and pervades as a natural form all formed matter, whose external and defined aspect (p. 132) could not display the essence of mind, as long as that matter lives, drawing a form of life appropriate to the union?

Do you see, brother, how examining things not only spiritually but also humanly, has shown it to be most necessary for those who have chosen to truly become their own masters and, according to the inner man, be fittingly named monks, to send or hold the mind inside the body? And to recommend that beginners especially look into themselves and through their breathing send their own mind inward is not out of place. For no one in their right mind would prevent someone who is not yet contemplative of himself from gathering his mind to himself by some means. Since, therefore, for those who have recently stripped for this contest, the mind, even when gathered, constantly leaps away, and they must constantly bring it back again, and since it is most difficult to contemplate and the most mobile of all things, it escapes their notice as they are unexercised, for this reason there are those who advise paying attention to the breath that is frequently drawn out and drawn back in, and to hold it for a little while, so that they might also restrain the mind, keeping it with the breath, until with God they advance to what is better,

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λέγουσιν. Ἡμεῖς δέ, μή μόνον εἴσω τοῦ σώματος καί τῆς καρδίας, ἀλλά καί τόν αὐτόν αὐτοῦ πάλιν εἴσω πέμπομεν τόν νοῦν.

Κατηγορείτωσαν οὐκοῦν οἱ λέγοντες, «μή κεχωρισμένον, ἀλλ᾿ ἐνόντα τῇ ψυχῇ, πῶς ἄν αὖθις εἴσω πέμποι τις τόν νοῦν;». Ἀγνοοῦσι γάρ, ὡς ἔοικεν, ὅτι ἄλλο μέν οὐσία νοῦ, ἄλλο δέ ἐνέργεια, μᾶλλον δέ εἰδότες τοῖς ἀπατεῶσιν ἑαυτούς συνέταξαν ἑκόντες, διά τῆς ὁμωνυμίας σοφιζόμενοι. «Μή καταδεχόμενοι γάρ τό τῆς πνευματικῆς διδασκαλίας ἁπλοῦν, οἱ ἐκ τῆς διαλεκτικῆς πρός τάς ἀντιλογίας ἠκονημένοι», κατά τόν μέγαν Βασίλειον, «περιτρέπουσι τήν ἰσχύν τῆς ἀληθείας ἐκ τῶν ἀντιθέσεων τῆς ψευδωνύμου γνώσεως τῇ πιθανολογίᾳ τῶν σοφισμάτων. Τοιούτους γάρ δεῖ εἶναι τούς μή πνευματικούς καί τά πνευματικά κρίνειν καί διδάσκειν ἀξιοῦντας ἑαυτούς. Οὐ γάρ δή τοῦτο λέλεθεν αὐτούς, ὅτι οὐχ ὡς ἡ ὄψις τἄλλα μέν ὁρᾷ τῶν ὁρατῶν, ἑαυτήν δέ οὐχ ὁρᾷ, οὕτω καί ὁ νοῦς, ἀλλ᾿ ἐνεργεῖ μέν καί τἄλλα, ὧν ἄν δέοιτο (σελ. 130) περισκοπῶν, ὅ φησι κατ᾿ εὐθείαν κίνησιν τοῦ νοῦ ∆ιονύσιος ὁ μέγας, εἰς ἑαυτόν δ᾿ ἐπάνεισι καί ἐνεργεῖ καθ᾿ ἑαυτόν, ὅταν ἑαυτόν ὁ νοῦς ὁρᾷ˙ τοῦτο δ᾿ αὖθις κυκλικήν εἶναι κίνησιν ὁ αὐτός αὐτοῦ φησιν. Αὕτη δ᾿ ἡ τοῦ νοῦ ἐστιν ἐνέργεια κρείττων καί ἰδιαιτάτη, δι᾿ ἧς καί ὑπέρ ἑαυτόν γινόμενος ἔσθ᾿ ὅτε τῷ Θεῷ συγγίνεται. «Νοῦς γάρ», φησί, «μή σκεδαννύμενος ἐπί τά ἔξω» (ὁρᾷς ὅτι ἔξεισι; ἐξιών οὖν, ἐπανόδου δεῖται˙ διό φησιν) «ἐπάνεισι πρός ἑαυτόν, δι᾿ ἑαυτοῦ δέ πρός τόν Θεόν» ὡς δι᾿ ἀπλανοῦς ἀναβαίνει τῆς ὁδοῦ. Τήν τοιαύτην γάρ κίνησιν τοῦ νοῦ καί ὁ τῶν νοερῶν ἀπλανής ἐπόπτης ἐκεῖνος ∆ιονύσις ἀδύνατον εἶναί φησι πλάνῃ τινί περιπεσεῖν.

Ταύτης οὖν ἀπάγειν ὁ τῆς πλάνης πατήρ ἐπιθυμῶν ἀεί τόν ἄνθρωπον καί πρός τήν χωροῦσαν αὐτοῦ τάς πλάνας ἄγειν, οὐδέπω καί τήμερον, ὅσα γε ἡμεῖς ἴσμεν, εὗρε συνεργόν διά χρηστολογίας ἀγωνιζόμενον ἐφελκύσασθαι πρός ταύτην. Νῦν δ᾿ ὡς ἔοικεν εὗρε τούς συλλαμβανομένους, εἴπερ, ὡς αὐτός εἶπες, εἰσίν οἵ καί λόγους συντιθέασιν ἐνάγοντας πρός ταῦτα καί τούς πολλούς πείθειν ἐγχειροῦσιν ὡς κάλλιον ἔξω κατέχειν τοῦ σώματος προσευχόμενον τόν νοῦν καί αὐτούς τούς τόν ὑπεραναβεβηκότα καί ἡσύχιον ἀσπαζομένους βίον, μηδ᾿ ἐκεῖνο αἰδεσθέντς ὅπερ Ἰωάννης, ὁ τήν πρός οὐρανόν φέρουσαν κλίμακα διά λόγων τεκτηνάμενος ἡμῖν, ὁριστικῶς καί ἀποφαντικῶς ἐξεῖπεν ὡς «ἡσυχαστής ἐστιν ὁ τῶν ἀσώματον ἐν σώματι περιορίζειν σπεύδων», ᾧ συνωδᾷ καί οἱ πνμευματικοί πατέρς ἡμῶν ἐδίδαξαν ἡμᾶς. Εἰκότως εἰ γάρ μή ἔνδον τοῦ σώματος περιορίσειε, πῶς ἄν ἑαυτῷ ποιήσειε τόν τό σῶμα ἐνημμένον καί ὡς εἶδος φυσικόν διά πάσης χωροῦντα τῆς μεμορφωμένης ὕλης, ἧς τό ἔξω καί διωρισμένον (σελ. 132) οὐκ ἄν ἐπιδείξαιτο οὐσίαν νοῦ, μέχρις ἄν ἐκείνη ζώῃ ζωῆς εἶδος κατάλληλος τῇ συναφείᾳ σπῶσα;

Βλέπεις, ἀδελφέ, πῶς οὐ πνευματικῶς μόνον ἀλλά καί ἀνθρωπίνως ἐξετάζουσιν, εἴσω τοῦ σώματος πέμπειν ἤ κατέχειν τόν νοῦν ἀναπέφηνεν ἀναγκαιότατον τούς προῃρημένους ἑαυτῶν ὡς ἀληθῶς γενέσθαι καί κατά τόν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον φερωνύμως μοναχούς; Τό δ᾿ εἰς ἑαυτούς μάλιστα τούς εἰσαγομένους βλέπειν εἰσηγεῖσθαι καί διά τῆς ἀναπνοῆς εἴσω πέμπειν τόν οἰκεῖον νοῦν οὐκ ἀπό τρόπου. Τόν γάρ μήπω θεωρηττικόν ἑαυτοῦ μηχανοῖς τισι πρός ἑαυτόν ἐπισυνάγειν νοῦν οὐκ ἀποτρέψειέ τις εὖ φρονῶν. Ἐπεί οὖν τοῖς ἄρτι πρός τόν ἀγῶνα τοῦτον ἀποδυσαμένοις καί συναγόμενος συνεχῶς ἀποπηδᾷ, δεῖ δέ καί συνεχῶς αὐτούς αὖθις τοῦτον ἐπανάγειν, λανθάνει δ᾿ ἀγυμνάστους ὄντας δυσθεωρητότατος καί εὐκινητότατος ἁπάντων ὤν, διά τοῦτο τῇ πυκνά διαχεομένῃ καί ἐπαναγομένη εἰσπνοῇ προσέχειν εἰσίν οἵ παραινοῦσι καί ἐπέχειν τι μικρόν, ὡς κἀκεῖνον συνεπίσχοιεν τηροῦντες ἐν αὐτῇ μέχρις ἄν σύν Θεῷ ἐπί τό κρεῖττον προϊόντες,