John Zonaras, Lexicon

d aisa, which is divided for each. or from aei isēmi. The changeable one; for it comes upon all alike. Aisimia. Divination. Aisymē and Aisymnē. Cities. Aischynē. The shame that comes upon the condemned. or intense shame. Aikalē. Deceit. Aimōdia. Numbness. Aisthēsis. An intelligent spirit sent from the governing principle to the organs, or a precise taste of the mind of things distinguished, or a faculty of the soul receptive of material things, that is, discerning. There are five senses; likewise also five sense organs; the first sense is sight; the sense organs and instruments of sight are the nerves from the brain; and the eyes. alpha.83 Sight perceives primarily color; but along with the color it discerns the colored body, and its size, and shape, and place where it is, and the interval in between, and the number, both motion and rest, and the rough and smooth, and the even and uneven, and the sharp and dull; and the composition, whether it is watery or earthy, that is, wet or dry. The second sense is hearing, being perceptive of voices and sounds; and it discerns their sharpness and gravity, smoothness and roughness and size. Its organs are the soft nerves from the brain, and the structure of the ears; only man and ape do not move their ears. The third sense is smell, which occurs through the nostrils sending vapors up to the brain; and it is completed at the ends of the front ventricles of the brain; for it is perceptive and receptive of vapors. The most general difference is good smell and bad smell, and that which is between these, which is neither fragrant nor foul-smelling. A good smell occurs, when the liquids in the bodies are sent forth precisely, a medium disposition; but according to another or when they are not sent forth at all, a bad smell occurs. The fourth sense is taste; for it is receptive, that is, perceptive of flavors; its organs are the tongue, and especially its tip and the palate, which some call the roof of the mouth, in which are the nerves brought from the brain, spread out and reporting to the governing principle the perception, that is, sensation, that has occurred. The so-called qualities of taste alpha.84 of flavors are these: sweetness; pungency; astringency; harshness; bitterness; saltiness; stickiness; for taste is discerning of these. But water is without quality according to these qualities, for it has none of them. Astringency is an intensification and excess of harshness. The fifth sense is touch, which is also common to all animals; it comes from the nerves sent from the brain to the whole body. But the other sense organs also have the sense of touch. Subject to touch are the hot and cold, the soft and sticky and hard, heavy and light; for by touch alone are these things known; common to touch and sight are the rough and smooth, dry and wet, thick and thin, up and down, and the place, and the size, when it is such as to be encompassed by a single application of touch, and the dense and the sparse, that is, rare, and the round, when it is small, and certain other shapes; and likewise also of a nearby body. It perceives, therefore, by memory and by thought; and likewise also number up to two or three, and these being small and easily encompassed. But of these, sight perceives more than touch. It is necessary to know that the creator made each of the other sense organs double, so that if one is harmed, the other may fulfill the need; for two eyes, and two ears, and two passages of the nose, and two tongues; but in some animals divided, as in snakes, but in others united, as in man; and touch in the whole body, except for bones and alpha.85 nerves, nails and horns, hairs and the like. And this must be known, O companion; sight sees in straight lines, but smell and hearing not only in a straight line, but also from all sides; but touch and taste not in a straight line nor

τοῦ δ αισα, ἡ ἑκάστῳ μεμερισμένη. η παρὰ τὸ ἀεὶ ισημι. ἡ μεταβαλλομένη· πᾶσι γὰρ ὁμοίως επεισιν. Αἰσιμία. ἡ μαντεία. Αἰσύμη καὶ Αἰσύμνη. πόλεις. Αἰσχύνη. ἡ τοῖς κατεγνωσμένοις ἐπιγινομένη αἰδώς. η ἐπιτεταμένη αἰδώς. Αἰκάλη. ἡ ἀπάτη. Αἰμωδία. ἡ νάρκη. Αισθησισ. πνεῦμα νοερὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡγεμονικοῦ ἐπὶ τὰ οργανα πεμπόμενον, η νοὸς γεῦσις ἀκριβὴς τῶν διακρινομένων, η δύναμις τῆς ψυχῆς ἀντιληπτικὴ τῶν ὑλῶν ηγουν διαγνωστική. αἰσθήσεις δὲ εἰσὶ πέντε· ὁμοίως καὶ αἰσθητήρια πέντε· πρώτη αισθησις ορασις· αἰσθητήρια δὲ καὶ οργανα τῆς ὁράσεως τὰ ἐξ ἐγκεφάλου νεῦρα· καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοί. αἰσθάνεται μὲν alpha.83 ἡ οψις κατὰ πρῶτον λόγον τοῦ χρώματος· συνδιαγινώσκει δὲ τῷ χρώματι τὸ κεχρωσμένον σῶμα, καὶ τὸ μέγεθος αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸ σχῆμα, καὶ τὸν τόπον, ενθα εστι, καὶ τὸ διάστημα τὸ μεταξὺ, καὶ τὸν ἀριθμὸν, κίνησίν τε καὶ στάσιν, καὶ τὸ τραχὺ καὶ λεῖον, καὶ ὁμαλὸν καὶ ἀνώμαλον, καὶ τὸ ὀξὺ καὶ ἀμβλύ· καὶ τὴν σύστασιν, ει τε ὑδατώδης ἐστὶν, ει τε γεώδης, ηγουν ὑγρὰ η ξηρά. δευτέρα αισθησίς ἐστιν ἀκοὴ τῶν φωνῶν καὶ τῶν ψόφων ουσα αἰσθητική· διαγινώσκει δὲ αὐτῶν τὴν ὀξύτητα καὶ τὴν βαρύτητα, λειότητά τε καὶ τραχύτητα καὶ μέγεθος. οργανα δὲ αὐτῆς τὰ ἐξ ἐγκεφάλου μαλακὰ νεῦρα, καὶ τῶν ὠτῶν ἡ κατασκευή· μόνος δὲ ανθρωπος καὶ πίθηκος οὐ κινοῦσι τὰ ωτα. τρίτη αισθησίς ἐστιν οσφρησις, ητις γίνεται μὲν διὰ τῶν ῥινῶν ἀναπεμπουσῶν τοὺς ἀτμοὺς ἐπὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον· περαίνεται δὲ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῶν ἐμπροσθίων κοιλίων τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου· αἰσθητικὴ γάρ ἐστι καὶ ἀντιληπτικὴ τῶν ἀτμῶν. ἡ γενικωτάτη διαφορὰ εστιν εὐωδία καὶ δυσωδία, καὶ τὸ μέσον τούτου, ο μήτε εὐῶδες ἐστὶ μήτε δυσῶδες. γίνεται μὲν εὐωδία, τῶν ὑγρῶν τῶν ἐν τοῖς σώμασιν ἀκριβῶς πεμφθέντων, μέση διάθεσις· κατὰ δὲ ετερον η μηδ' ολως πεμφθέντων ἡ δυσωδία γίνεται. τετάρτη αισθησίς ἐστι γεῦσις· τῶν χυμῶν γάρ ἐστιν ἀντιληπτικὴ ηγουν αἰσθητική· οργανα δὲ ταύτης ἡ γλῶσσα, καὶ ταύτης πλέον τὸ ακρον καὶ ἡ ὑπερῶα, ην καλοῦσι τινὲς οὐρανίσκον, ἐν οις ἐστι τὰ ἐξ ἐγκεφάλου φερόμενα νεῦρα περιπλατυσμένα καὶ ἀπαγγέλλοντα τῷ ἡγεμονικῷ τὴν γενομένην ἀντίληψιν ηγουν αισθησιν. αἱ δὲ καλούμεναι γευστικαὶ ποιότητες alpha.84 τῶν χυμῶν εἰσὶν αυται· γλυκύτης· δριμύτης· στρυφνότης· αὐστηρότης· πικρότης· ἁλμυρότης· γλισχρότης· τούτων γάρ ἐστιν ἡ γεῦσις διαγνωστική. τὸ δὲ υδωρ αποσόν ἐστι κατὰ ταύτας τὰς ποιότητας, οὐδεμίαν γὰρ αὐτῶν εχει. ἡ δὲ στρυφνότης ἐπίτασίς ἐστι καὶ πλεονασμὸς τῆς αὐστηρότητος. πέμπτη αισθησίς ἐστιν ἁφὴ, ητις καὶ κοινή ἐστι πάντων τῶν ζώων· γίνεται δὲ ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου πεμπομένων νεύρων εἰς ολον τὸ σῶμα. ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ αἰσθητήρια τὴν τῆς ἁφῆς εχουσιν αισθησιν. ὑπόκεινται δὲ τῇ ἁφῇ τὸ θερμὸν καὶ ψυχρὸν, τό τε μαλακὸν καὶ γλίσχρον καὶ σκληρὸν, βαρύ τε καὶ κοῦφον· διὰ μόνης γὰρ τῆς ἁφῆς ταῦτα γινώσκεται· κοινὰ δὲ ἁφῆς καὶ οψεως τό τε τραχὺ καὶ λεῖον, ξηρὸν καὶ ὑγρὸν, παχύ τε καὶ λεπτὸν, ανω τε καὶ κάτω, καὶ ὁ τόπος, καὶ τὸ μέγεθος, οταν ειη τοιοῦτος, ὡς κατὰ μίαν προσβολὴν τῆς ἁφῆς περιλαμβάνεσθαι, καὶ τὸ πυκνὸν καὶ τὸ μανὸν, ηγουν ἀραιὸν, καὶ τὸ στρογγύλον, οταν ειη μικρὸν, καὶ αλλα τινὰ σχήματα· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τοῦ πλησιάζοντος σώματος. αἰσθάνεται ουν τῇ μνήμῃ τε καὶ τῇ διανοίᾳ· ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἀριθμοῦ μέχρι δύο η τριῶν, καὶ τούτων μικρῶν καὶ ῥαδίως περιλαμβανομένων. τούτων δὲ μᾶλλον τῆς ἁφῆς ἡ ορασις ἀντιλαμβάνεται. χρὴ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὡς εκαστον τῶν αλλων αἰσθητηρίων διπλοῦν ὁ δημιουργὸς κατεσκεύασεν, ινα τοῦ ἑνὸς βλαπτομένου τὸ ετερον ἀναπληροῖ τὴν χρείαν· δύο γὰρ ὀφθαλμοὺς, καὶ δύο ωτα, καὶ δύο πόρους τῆς ῥινὸς, καὶ δύο γλώσσας· ἀλλ' ἐν τοῖς μὲν τῶν ζώων διῃρημένας, ὡς ταῖς οφεσιν, ἐν τοῖς δὲ ἡνωμένας, ὡς ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ· τὴν δὲ ἁφὴν ἐν ολῳ τῷ σώματι, πλὴν ὀστέων καὶ alpha.85 νεύρων, ὀνύχων τε καὶ κεράτων, τριχῶν καὶ τῶν ὁμοίων. ἰστέον δὲ καὶ τοῦτο, ω ἑταῖρε· ἡ μὲν οψις κατ' εὐθείας γραμμὰς ὁρᾷ, ἡ δὲ οσφρησις καὶ ἀκοὴ οὐ κατ' εὐθεῖαν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πανταχόθεν· ἡ δὲ ἁφὴ καὶ γεῦσις οὐ κατ' εὐθεῖαν οὐδὲ