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of the honor of power because of his colleagues in rule, nor yet lacking it, but having the greater share among them on account of the surname of Caesar, which his uncle had bestowed upon him while still alive, having decreed to leave him as his successor. But when Lepidus died, and Antony inclined towards Cleopatra, having repudiated Fulvia, the sister of the young Caesar, who had previously been living with him, he took Egypt with Antony and put an end to the civil disturbances of Rome, he who had lately been moderate became swollen with pride and was styled a god, and he accepted temples consecrated in his honor and appointed a high priest as if for an intercalary god, having designated him first of the priests of the then-considered gods. And he used all the insignia that his father had, and the armies and divisions and bodyguards that Romulus and all those after him up to this time had used, only changing the master of the horse to a prefect, honoring him with a magnificent chariot made of silver, and assigning him a civil division to obey, calling them Augustales after himself, about whom we shall speak a little later in the treatise On the Rank of Prefects. Nevertheless, he treated his subjects gently, so that the Romans said of him in their native tongue: utinam nec natus nec mortuus fuisset. For they prayed against his birth, because he alone established the 88 rule of the Caesars, and likewise against his death because of his gentleness and at the same time his 88 suppression of civil strife; for after him no civil war was kindled. 4 In peacetime he used a robe, as a pontifex, that is, bridge-making high priest, a purple one, reaching to the feet, priestly, embroidered with gold, and likewise a purple outer garment ending in golden stripes, and he covered his head for the reasons which I have given in my treatise written On the Months. and in wars, paludamenta; these are double cloaks of scarlet, of prime silk thread, fastened on the shoulders with a golden, jeweled pin, which we, like the Italians, call a fibula, but which in the palace they still even now call, in a peculiar way, a cornucopium; and at banquets, with purple limbi, which are robes reaching to the feet with Maeandrian patterns, shining on the shoulders with golden tubulamenta, that is, with tubular weavings, and with paragaudae aurigammae, that is, tunics embroidered with little golden gammas, since from the hem around the feet and the end of the garment on either side they decorate the tunic with gold in the shape of the letter gamma; and in the senate, with cloaks, purple ones of course—for how could they not be?—, decorated with square patterns entirely in gold near the end of the foot-length hem, which the men of the court call segmenta, that is, golden-marked; and the populace on their private cloaks have simenta bratteolata and gemmata and lanceolata, that is, with gold-leaf, jeweled, and embroidered decorations, and with the other insignia of royalty, about which I pass over relating in detail, believing it superfluous, as my account now leads me in order to the narrative of what was once the first of the magistracies. 90

ON THE PREFECTURE OF THE PRAETORIA 5 One might grasp the distinction of this office, yielding only to the scepter, by sufficient signs even from the faint shadow which it alone seems still to preserve;

for it is the nature of preeminent things to be understood even from their diminution; but time is powerful to consume and overcome things which have received both generation and decay. But such is the virtue of the emperor that things formerly destroyed look for a rebirth through him. 6 Thus, with the offices having progressed, as I said before, up to the supremacy of the first Caesar, he himself with Fortune, taking charge of affairs, altered the entire constitution, leaving to the consuls nothing but the name, as a sign of

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κράτους τιμῆς διὰ τοὺς κοινωνοὺς τῆς ἀρχῆς, μήτε μὴν ἀμοιρῶν, τὸ δὲ πλέον ἔχων παρ' ἐκείνοις διὰ τὸ Καίσαρος ἐπώνυμον, ὃ περιὼν ἔτι ὁ θεῖος αὐτῷ περιέθηκεν, διάδοχον ἑαυτοῦ καταλεῖψαι ψηφισάμενος. ὡς δὲ Λέπιδος μὲν ἐτελεύτα, Ἀντώνιος δὲ πρὸς Κλεοπάτραν ἔρρεψεν, Φουλβίαν τὴν ἀδελφὴν τοῦ νέου Καίσαρος συνοικοῦσαν αὐτῷ τὸ πρὶν ἀποπτύσας, Αἴγυπτόν τε εἷλε μετ' Ἀντωνίου καὶ τοὺς ἐμφυλίους ἔπαυσε θορύβους τῆς Ῥώμης, ὀγκωθεὶς καὶ αὐτὸς θεός τε ἐχρημάτισεν ὁ ἄρτι μετριάζων καὶ ναοὺς ὡσιωμένους πρὸς τιμῆς αὐτῷ ἀπεδέξατο καὶ ἀρχιερέα ὡς εἰ θεὸς ἐπεμβόλιμος προεχειρίσατο, πρῶτον αὐτὸν τῶν ἱερέων τῶν τότε νομισθέντων θεῶν ἀποδείξας, ἐπισήμοις τε πᾶσιν ἐχρήσατο, οἷς ὁ πατήρ, καὶ στρατείαις καὶ τάξεσι καὶ δορυφόροις, ὅσοις ὁ Ῥωμύλος τε καὶ πάντες οἱ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ μέχρι τούτων ἐχρήσαντο, μόνον τὸν ἵππαρχον εἰς ἔπαρχον μεταβαλών, ὀχήματι τιμήσας ὑπερηφάνῳ ἐξ ἀργύρου πεποιημένῳ, καὶ τάξιν πολιτικὴν ἀπονείμας αὐτῷ πειθαρχεῖν, Αὐγουσταλίους ἐξ αὐτοῦ καλέσας αὐτούς, περὶ ὧν ἐν τῷ περὶ τῆς τάξεως τῶν ὑπάρχων μικρὸν ὕστερον ἐροῦμεν. ἠπίως δὲ ὅμως ἐχρήσατο τοῖς ὑπηκόοις, ὥστε τοὺς Ῥωμαίους εἰπεῖν ἐπ' αὐτῷ τῇ πατρίῳ φωνῇ· utinam nec natus nec mortuus fuisset. ἀπηύχοντο γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὴν γένεσιν, ὅτι μόνος ἐστήριξε τὴν τῶν Καισάρων 88 ἡγεμονίαν καὶ ὁμοίως τὴν τελευτὴν διὰ τὸ ἤπιον ἅμα καὶ τὸ 88 τῶν ἐμφυλίων στάσεων ἀναιρετικόν· οὐδὲ γὰρ μετ' αὐτὸν ἐμφύλιος ἀνήφθη πόλεμος. 4 Ἐχρῆτο δὲ στολῇ ἐπ' εἰρήνης, οἷα ποντίφεξ, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀρχιερεὺς γεφυραῖος, πορφυρᾷ, ποδήρει, ἱερατικῇ, χρυσῷ λελογχωμένῃ, ἀμφιβλήματι δὲ ὁμοίως πορφυρῷ, εἰς χρυσοῦς αὔλακας τελευτῶντι, τήν τε κεφαλὴν ἔσκεπε δι' ἃς ἐν τῇ γραφείσῃ μοι Περὶ Μηνῶν πραγματείᾳ ἀποδέδωκα αἰτίας. ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν πολέμων παλουδαμέντοις· αἱ δέ εἰσι δίπλακες ἀπὸ κόκκου, πρωτείας μετάξης κλωστῆς, χρυσῇ περόνῃ λιθοκολλήτῳ ἀναρπαζόμεναι τοῖς ὤμοις, ἣν ἡμεῖς μὲν φίβουλαν ὡς Ἰταλοὶ καλοῦμεν, κορνουκόπιον δὲ ἰδίᾳ πως ἐν τοῖς βασιλείοις ἔτι καὶ νῦν λέγουσιν· ἐν δὲ ταῖς εὐωχίαις λιμβοῖς πορφυροῖ δέ εἰσι τρίβωνες ποδήρεις Μαιανδρίοις γραμμαῖς, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ὤμων χρυσοῖς τουβουλαμέντοις, οἷον εἰ σωληνωτοῖς, ὑφάσμασι διαλάμποντες καὶ παραγώδαις αὐριγάμμοις, ἀντὶ τοῦ χιτῶσι χρυσοῖς γαμματίσκοις ἀναλελογχωμένοις, ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ τοὺς πόδας ᾤας καὶ τελευτῆς τοῦ ἐσθήματος ἐξ ἑκατέρων τῶν πλαγίων εἰς γάμμα στοιχεῖον διαζωγραφοῦσι χρυσῷ τὸν χιτῶνα· ἐν δὲ τῇ βουλῇ χλαμύσι, πορφυραῖς μέν πῶς γὰρ οὐχί;, πρὸς δὲ τὸ πέρας τῆς ποδήρους ᾤας γραμμαῖς τετραγώνοις δι' ὄλου χρυσῷ κοσμουμέναις σηγμέντα αὐτὰς οἱ τῆς αὐλῆς καλοῦσιν, ἀντὶ τοῦ χρυσόσημα· τὸ δὲ πλῆθος ἐπὶ τῶν ἰδιωτικῶν χλαμύδων σημέντα βραττεολάτοις καὶ γεμμάτοις καὶ λαγκιολάτοις, ἀντὶ τοῦ χρυσοπετάλοις διαλίθοις καὶ λογχωτοῖς, καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς τῆς βασιλείας ἐπισήμοις, περὶ ὧν κατὰ λεπτὸν ἀφηγεῖσθαι περιττὸν ὑπολαμβάνων πάρειμι, τοῦ λόγου με τὸ λοιπὸν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀφήγησιν τῆς ποτε πρώτης τῶν ἀρχῶν κατὰ τάξιν ἄγοντος. 90

ΠΕΡῚ ΤΗ͂Σ ἘΠΑΡΧΌΤΗΤΟΣ ΤΩ͂Ν ΠΡΑΙΤΩΡΊΩΝ 5 Τὸ μὲν περίβλεπτον τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ μόνῳ τῷ σκήπτρῳ παραχωροῦν καὶ ἐξ

αὐτῆς τῆς ἀμυδρᾶς σκιᾶς ἣν ἔτι καὶ μόνην δοκεῖ διασῴζειν ἱκανοῖς ἄν τις καταλάβοι γνωρίσμασιν· πέφυκε γὰρ τὰ τῶν πραγμάτων ὑπέροπτα καὶ ἐξ αὐτῆς καταλαμβάνεσθαι τῆς ἐλαττώσεως· δεινὸς δὲ ὁ χρόνος ἐκφαγεῖν τε καὶ ὑπεργάσασθαι τὰ γένεσιν ἅμα καὶ φθορὰν εἰληχότα. ἀλλ' ἡ βασιλέως ἀρετὴ τοσαύτη τίς ἐστιν, ὥστε παλιγγενεσίαν δι' αὐτοῦ τὰ πρὶν ἐξολωλότα καραδοκεῖν. 6 Οὕτως οὖν τῶν ἀρχῶν ὡς ἔφθην εἰπὼν ἄχρι τῆς Καίσαρος τοῦ πρώτου ἐπικρατείας προελθουσῶν, αὐτὸς μετὰ τῆς Τύχης· ἐπιστὰς τοῖς πράγμασι ξύμπαν ἐξηλλοίωσε τὸ πολίτευμα, ὑπάτοις μὲν μηδὲν παρὰ τὴν προσηγορίαν ἀπολιπών, εἰς μήνυμα τοῦ